tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31794045655131005502024-03-16T07:55:37.433-04:00FemPopAn Initiative of the Society for the Psychology of Women:
Using a feminist framework to examine, critique, and respond to the popular attitudes, images, music, and other media that affect the psychological development of girls and women.Stephaniehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00800914037563856910noreply@blogger.comBlogger350125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-74508714751469062172021-01-24T21:04:00.006-05:002021-01-24T21:04:59.576-05:00Ally or comrade: What is your role? // by Kristin Vierra<p><span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHmm8E-xjIK32Dks5SoL5ScQFlXp-ctTcDe4VoEoOPIIvYdHuQpCw1XjO_XO58pRo5plBBl7Z7uBAKN9MmF3jnU7B021Kpl7SireK9HqIrLm_yCaZk6-9z8L3_0g86iVwwYo0FIM4pHEO/s414/Blog+Post+3+Picture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="414" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZHmm8E-xjIK32Dks5SoL5ScQFlXp-ctTcDe4VoEoOPIIvYdHuQpCw1XjO_XO58pRo5plBBl7Z7uBAKN9MmF3jnU7B021Kpl7SireK9HqIrLm_yCaZk6-9z8L3_0g86iVwwYo0FIM4pHEO/s320/Blog+Post+3+Picture.jpg" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><span> </span>I think we can all agree that as scholars studying psychology and branches of feminism, it is important that we do our part to resist structural oppression. Along my journey to build consciousness, I became familiar with the concept of allyship. I was intrigued, so I put in the work to learn more. I learned that an ally is characterized as a person that holds some form of privilege and wants to do something about oppression. For example, a person who identifies as male, labels oneself a feminist, and supports the push for gender equality. To be considered an ally, one is often encouraged to educate themselves on the “do’s and don’ts” of allyship. In fact, several online resources are available to guide individuals through the proper methods of allyship. These recourses educate allies on strategies such as appropriate language choices, and how to navigate settings of privilege or oppression. It seemed that allyship was right for me! However, I was recently encouraged to consider replacing my ally label with comrade. I wondered, why the push to step away from the ally label?</p><p><span> </span>While I’m not saying that allyship is a negative label or something we should completely shy away from, I do think it is important to critically analyze the requirements of allyship. As mentioned above, to be an ally, one is required to educate themselves (awesome). However, too much self-educating could be isolating. This is because you are required to consume information, mostly from online guides, without any form of group discussion or support. This could be troublesome considering intergroup dialogues provide a space to promote conflict resolution, highlight commonalities between opposing sides, and motivate individuals to work together to create social change. Overall, it is important to educate oneself, but it is also important to spend time working together to cultivate solidarity and comradeship. Comrades are devoted to working together on the same side of a movement for equality, and justice. </p><p><span> </span>As a final note, I want to recognize that this blog post is a brief overview of the difference between an ally and a comrade. I encourage my readers to learn more about comradeship.</p><p style="text-align: right;">By <span style="text-align: left;">Kristin Vierra</span></p>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-90927689568187189582021-01-24T21:00:00.000-05:002021-01-24T21:00:17.599-05:00Role of Women in Elections - "Celebrating Kamala Harris" by Kaylla A. Jackson<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavB4qD0cm6juG8k22Bg2MJoX-4ybE9vkYnnDZpIrpwcI73-NgcrGqy75VqhcAE3fdL9PcOHCp-QKM-AgWClYkisbxkaOIN-99AdpSoW4SAF1gGgbQSi2jvUU-qpkMnHbCF74NasW1toSH/s2048/Kamala+Harris+Art.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1846" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhavB4qD0cm6juG8k22Bg2MJoX-4ybE9vkYnnDZpIrpwcI73-NgcrGqy75VqhcAE3fdL9PcOHCp-QKM-AgWClYkisbxkaOIN-99AdpSoW4SAF1gGgbQSi2jvUU-qpkMnHbCF74NasW1toSH/s320/Kamala+Harris+Art.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">There is no question that 2020 has been a long decade. That is what this year has felt like. November is almost over and the election is finally over. People have been annoyed by the constant reminders to vote. They were all over Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram. Some of us unlucky people even got phone calls and text messages from strangers asking if we are planning to vote and if a candidate could count on our vote. The constant reminders could be a nuisance, but when you consider the journey to get to this point, voting and reminders to vote are a little less annoying. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">With everything that is happening, so much is getting lost and forgotten. The evolution of the roles of women in elections can become diminished. We all witnessed the first African-American and Asian-American woman to be elected vice president. Whether you agree with her politics and history as a prosecutor or not, Kamala Harris’ accomplishment is a step in the right direction for women, especially women of color. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">For so long, the role of women in politics was to look pretty, smile, and let the men lead. There was a time when women could not vote in elections or voice their opinions. They could not ask questions and demand accountability from politicians. The first election was in 1778. A little over a century later, Victoria Woodhull became the first female presidential candidate. In 1916, Jeannette Rankin became the first woman elected to Congress. In 1920 women were finally given the right to vote. In 1968, Shirley Chisolm became the first African-American woman elected to the United States Congress. Then, in 1972 she became the first major-party candidate for a presidential nomination. Sandra Day O’Connor became the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court in 1981. In 2016, Hilary Clinton became the woman to run for President of the United States after nomination by a major party. Since then, so many women have been elected to political office and have run campaigns. Today, 127 women hold seats in the United States Congress, a feat that never would have been possible without the work of the women who came before them. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">We have come so far and we still have so far to go. It is sad, but beautiful that in 2020, concepts like “the first woman” are still necessary. It feels like as a society we should be past that sometimes. Women are a force for change and we more than deserve to be respected and valued in all the spaces that we occupy. So we should celebrate when “firsts” happen because it means that the next woman might accomplish that much more, and we should be mindful that first only means there are more to come. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">Women are powerful and we are going to continue to occupy spaces and accomplish great things. So, the next time you find yourself annoyed about a reminder to vote, remind yourself that in doing so, you are honoring the women who worked to make that possible. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: right;">By Kaylla A. Jackson</div><div><br /></div><div>References</div><div>Abrams, Z. (2020, March 10). Celebrating a win for equality— And fighting for more. http://www.apa.org/news/apa/2020/03/win-equality</div><div><br /></div><div>Koren, M. (2019, July 11). Why Men Thought Women Weren't Made to Vote. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2019/07/womens-suffrage-nineteenth-amendment-pseudoscience/593710/. </div><div><br /></div><div><div>Image Citation:</div><div>Kamala Harris. By Benjamin Wallace-Wells. 29 Jan. 2019. Web. 2020.</div></div><div><br /></div></div>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-18038177477705110002020-11-20T15:47:00.006-05:002020-11-20T15:47:44.007-05:00Reaching for Help: Intimate Partner Violence during COVID-19 pandemic // Nicole Roxanne Benquechea<p><span> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN3k-gkzb2-MnB2J3-yygXMZflMxqCfsI_Arqt3jgXjlhSwId397XozLFoYZFwj4UcVgyyHaETM4gdfAfIxwY_mI9VF_DzHq1DJKlrAQ7WOeddsmpm18eRC_J0dLktKa-PQr4-E_DNQeaU/s512/Image+from+Inter+Press+Service.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="287" data-original-width="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN3k-gkzb2-MnB2J3-yygXMZflMxqCfsI_Arqt3jgXjlhSwId397XozLFoYZFwj4UcVgyyHaETM4gdfAfIxwY_mI9VF_DzHq1DJKlrAQ7WOeddsmpm18eRC_J0dLktKa-PQr4-E_DNQeaU/s320/Image+from+Inter+Press+Service.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Picture from: http://www.ipsnews.net/2020/04/addressing-rise-domestic-violence-lockdown/</span></div><p></p><p><span> </span>Intimate Partner Violence rates are rising, and they are rising fast. As the Coronavirus continues to spread across the world, it brings multiple stresses, including physical and psychological health risks, isolation, and loneliness, with the closure of many schools, businesses, economic vulnerability, and job losses. Some of the public health actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19 include avoiding large and small gatherings in private places and public spaces, working remotely, and closing schools. While these measures are critical for slowing the spread of COVID-19, they may contribute to an increase in violence due to:</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Social isolation or lack of social support</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Financial, emotional, or physical stress</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lack of time alone or lack of physical and mental space</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Loss of job or income</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Lack of affordable housing</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Depression or anxiety</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Substance misuse</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Reduced access to mental health or substance use services and supports</p><p><span> </span>Being in a relationship is supposed to be safe and welcoming. It should be with someone that you care for and trust. Forms of abuse may include physical, emotional/psychological, sexual, and financial control and can happen to anyone. Abusers often have the ability to manipulate or isolate the person they are mistreating while survivors of abuse may not be believed by those they reach out to. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020), social distancing measures can lead to more time in the home or in the same space as an abuser, increasing the risk for abuse. This can include child abuse and neglect, intimate partner violence, and elder abuse. Victims of violence may be unable to access help due to limited outside social contact, or they may not be able to seek victim services or shelter. The COVID-19 pandemic may also impact those experiencing violence in the following ways:</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Abusers may further isolate and control victims of violence.</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Abusers may share misinformation about the pandemic to control or frighten victims or prevent them from seeking medical treatment if they need it.</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Programs that serve victims, such as shelters and counseling centers, may be full or unable to assist them. Victims may fear entering shelters for fear of being exposed to COVID-19.</p><p>•<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>Travel restrictions may impact a victim’s escape or safety plan.</p><p><span> </span>It’s important to recognize that abuse of another is, among many things, foremost about power and control. Taking steps to prepare for the possibility of a crisis can help you act quickly, ease your mind and lessen the impact if a crisis situation occurs. NAMI: National Alliance for the Mentally Ill is a great guide that provides important, potentially life-saving information for people experiencing a mental health crisis and their loved ones. Below are some great resources for finding help during a crisis.</p><p><span> </span>The NAMI HelpLine is a free, nationwide peer-support service providing information, resource referrals, and support to people living with mental health conditions, their family members and caregivers, mental health providers, and the public. HelpLine staff and volunteers are experienced, well-trained, and able to provide guidance (National Alliance for the Mentally Ill [NAMI], 2020). </p><p><span> </span>To contact the NAMI HelpLine, please call 800-950-NAMI (6264), Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m., ET, or send an email to info@nami.org.</p><p><span> </span>The NAMI HelpLine is not a hotline, crisis line, or suicide prevention line. If you or someone you know is experiencing a crisis, please see the resources below.</p><p style="text-align: right;">Written by Nicole Roxanne Benquechea</p><div><br /></div>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-22349939692828347092020-10-23T12:47:00.000-04:002020-10-23T12:47:24.517-04:00Building Resilience and Facing Adversity like Notorious R.B.G. // By Nicole Benquechea<p> <span> <br /> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLw1_Xmvn5rDztgqhDz_cy_fCQW1Oh8FI1dVBXlYyw1OvBSPmlUZyEOYSBMNoDrhXpmFfoAg87Oo4XSpm8lFwbUF7BsgtXQ05WjLT4osKLVr5rbHv3tDLQ4s_X0l4kWrxkeGmo9Bwf5l7/s1200/Picture+from_+www.Elle.com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="601" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLw1_Xmvn5rDztgqhDz_cy_fCQW1Oh8FI1dVBXlYyw1OvBSPmlUZyEOYSBMNoDrhXpmFfoAg87Oo4XSpm8lFwbUF7BsgtXQ05WjLT4osKLVr5rbHv3tDLQ4s_X0l4kWrxkeGmo9Bwf5l7/s320/Picture+from_+www.Elle.com.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Picture from: www.Ellen.com</div><br /><p></p><p><span> </span>With the Coronavirus pandemic and racial inequality, this year feels like a test for</p><p>people’s resilience. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg was a phenomenal, and resilient woman who</p><p>was determined to advocate for women’s rights. On September 18, 2020, Supreme Court Justice</p><p>Ginsburg died due to complications of metastatic pancreas cancer when she was 87 years old.</p><p>Although Justice Ginsburg’s image with her frilly lace collar, black judicial robe, her oversize</p><p>glasses became an internet sensation she was notable for her inspiring change. In 1993, Ginsburg</p><p>was appointed by President Bill Clinton and served as the most senior member of the court's</p><p>liberal wing, delivering progressive votes on different social issues including abortion rights,</p><p>same-sex marriage, voting rights, immigration, health care, and affirmative action. One of her</p><p>accomplishments and goals in her position was to persuade the Supreme Court that the 14th</p><p>Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection applied not only to racial and sex discrimination</p><p>(Greenhouse, 2020). While reading her interviews, I admired her mannerisms and proactive</p><p>actions towards justice and equality for everyone. Not only was she intelligent, but she was also</p><p>funny. One of the favorite things I learned about her was the fact that she was bad at cooking and</p><p>enjoyed being with her family. Her confidence motivates me because she works tirelessly on the</p><p>hardships in her personal and professional career to obtain human rights for everyone. Perhaps</p><p>her resiliency is the key to learning how people can adapt and face adversity through hard times.</p><p><span> </span>Personally, I’m anxious about the climate and the intense violence/threats rising during</p><p>the upcoming elections; however, I know that I’m not alone. Plenty of people are concerned</p><p>about the future. Many people are facing the challenges in their personal life like low wages, lack</p><p>of affordable housing, and inequality (income, discrimination), etc. According to the American</p><p>Psychological Association (2020), psychologists define resilience as the process of adapting in</p><p>the face of adversity, trauma, tragedy, threats, and other sources of stress including family and</p><p>relationship problems, serious health problems, or workplace and financial stressors. Being a</p><p>resilient person doesn’t mean that someone can just get up from the challenges in their life but</p><p>learning to acknowledge their emotions in hard times. No one can build resilience on their own</p><p>and professional help from a licensed mental health professional can be an appropriate solution</p><p>to empower you to grow. Admitting that you have challenges and struggles with well-being and</p><p>mental health is the first step to find the strength to learn from those experiences. Justice</p><p>Ginsburg once stated that before her first Supreme Court argument, she was very nervous that</p><p>she didn’t eat lunch because she was afraid of throwing up. But into the discussion, she realized</p><p>had she had a “surge of power” that carried her through difficult times. With every hurdle in your</p><p>life, your voice matters and you’re more resilient than you give yourself credit for. </p><p><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>Written by Nicole Roxanne Benquechea</p><p>References</p><p>American Psychological Association. (2020, February 1). Building your resilience. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/topics/resilience</p><p>Greenhouse,L. (2020, September 18). Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Supreme Court's Feminist Icon, Is Dead at 87. The New York Times, Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/18/us/ruth-bader-ginsburg-dead.html</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><br /><br /></p>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-13148994737169702562020-10-23T12:29:00.001-04:002020-10-23T12:29:28.244-04:00On Being a Woman Online: Gender- and Sexuality- based Harassment // Vasileia Karasavva<p> <span class="s1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12px;"> </span></span></p><p style="clear: both; font-size: 12px; text-align: center;"><span class="s1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"><br /></span></p><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span></span></p><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span>A lot of my research so far is focused on image-based sexual abuse, a form of technology-facilitated sexual violence that can be defined as the creation, distribution, or threat of distribution of someone else’s sexual image with consent. In other words, I did a lot of work on dick pics and revenge porn. When I would talk with friends and family, and even other researchers in the field, about my research, one of the most common responses I would get would be something like: “Oh, I wouldn’t mess with the internet, there’s a lot of nasty people out there. Don’t you worry the trolls will target you?”. Of course, as a woman on the internet, I wasn’t blind to this possibility. I’ve seen the scenario where activists, journalists, researchers, and just normal everyday people, and especially women and trans individuals, queer folks, or people of color, are targeted when they speak up and chased off of online spaces and reminded that the internet is “not for them”. Or as Kimmel put it:</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;">“[The internet is] a man cave, a politically incorrect locker room, where you can say whatever you feel like saying without having to back it up with something as inconvenient as evidence and still hide behind a screen of anonymity so that no one knows that you’re the jerk you secretly think you might be. That’s a recipe for rage” (Kimmel, 2013, p. 115).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><div><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span>Gender- and sexuality-based harassment refers to any form of unwelcome comments that aim to insult or cause distress to another person because of their gender or sexuality. This type of harassment is by no means something new and exclusive to the cybersphere, but the perceived anonymity and often the mob-like mentality of the internet appears to have breathed new life in it. Forms of gender- and sexuality-based harassment include but are not limited to, threats of sexual violence like rape, hate speech, the use of online discussion boards to promote rape-supportive attitudes, reputation harming lies, and cyber-attacks that shut down blogs and websites (Henry & Powell, 2018; Citron, 2009). Although at first glance instances of harassment online might appear to be isolated or random, anonymous cyber-mobs tend to systematically and disproportionally target women, members of the LGBTQ+, and people of color (Citron, 2009).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span>This type of harassment is particularly evident in the gaming community. Research has shown that female gamers are more likely to experience abuse or sexual harassment from other players and are more likely to report being called names with sexual meaning (Ballard & Welch, 2017). In addition, a study showed that female voices were more likely to receive negative comments and treatment from the other players (Kuznekoff & Rose, 2013). Perhaps, as a response to this, female players are much more likely to engage in gender masking, an attempt to conceal their true gender identity through the use of male or gender-neutral usernames and avatars (Fox & Tang, 2017). This could indicate that women make decisions, often before they even start playing, to avoid gender-specific harassment (Fox & Tang, 2017). The pervasive gender-specific harassment in the gaming community is exemplified by the event known as #GamerGate (Mortensen, 2018). Some of the main targets of this online harassment campaign were game designer Zoe Quinn, feminist critic Anita Starkesian, game developer Brianna Wu, and actress Felicia Day who all had their personal information and address published online (i.e., they were doxed), and as a result had to receive protection or leave their homes (Mortensen, 2018).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span>Another form of gender-specific harassment that is becoming increasingly more popular is the posting of misogynistic threads on blogs, forums, and websites such as Incels.me, /r/redpill, the pick-up artist community, etc., that are collectively commonly referred to as the manosphere. Despite some conflicting agendas and tribalism, these groups unify over a common vehement opposition to feminism, a general antagonistic attitude towards women and the use of discourse so hyperbolically misogynistic that it was been dubbed as “Rapeglish” (Jane, 2014). Such discourse is often reframed as “acceptable” and a form of uniquely technologically bound type of humor of little consequence (Drakett et al., 2018). However, it is of great importance to not overlook online misogynistic rhetoric or online harassment, sexual or otherwise, of women and marginalized groups. This is because, similarly to different forms of TFSV, the effects of this form of gender-specific harassment are not restricted to cyberspace. An egregious example of this is the van attack in Toronto on April 23, 2018 (Mehler & Saminather, 2018). Shortly after posting on his Facebook wall the message: “The Incel Rebellion has begun!”, Alek Minassian drove a van through a crowd, killing 10 and injuring 16 (Mehler & Saminather, 2018). It is believed that Minassian was inspired by Elliot Rogers, who stabbed and shot 6 people to death near the UCLA campus, after posting his manifesto online, in which he asserted that his perceived rejection by women was what drove him to his actions (Larkin, 2018).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span>Alarmingly, such behaviors might be viewed as justifiable by those who perpetuate them. Sexual aggressors often hold beliefs of male dominance, hostility towards women, and rape myths, which skew their world view and serve as a means of legitimizing sexual aggression (Ryan, 2004). Online spaces, like the “manosphere” where such beliefs are common, might act as a forum where online acts of sexual abuse and gender-and sexuality-based harassment are encouraged, justified, and supported, especially in situations where masculinity was perceived to be slighted (DeKeseredy & Schwartz, 2016). For example, in a recent study, after reading a series of scenarios depicting cases of online sexual harassment, male participants attributed most of the responsibility onto the victims, especially when the victim was deemed as “aggressive” in their rejection (Zhong et al., 2020).</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span></div><div><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span> </span>Taken together, it appears that gender-specific rhetoric in the form of rape threats and misogynistic discourse is thriving in cyberspace. Generally, online sexual harassment often takes place in public spaces like forums or comment sections of social media accounts where multiple people can read them. Bystanders are central to the dynamic of online harassment, whether they choose to side with the perpetrator, the victim, or remain passive viewers of the incident. Given that many victims are unlikely to report sexual harassment, observers of the harassment may play a key role in putting a stop to future incidents and supporting the victim (Moxey & Bussey, 2019). Taking this into consideration, the involvement of bystanders in the perpetuation of harm becomes significant. Therefore, it’s up to us to stand up to online harassment when we come across it, which could lead to better support for the victims and ultimately a better online experience for many!</span><span class="Apple-converted-space" style="font-family: Garamond;"> </span><div><p class="p2" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><br /></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> </span><span style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px;"> - By </span><span style="font-family: Garamond;"><span style="font-size: 11.5px;">Vasileia Karasavva</span></span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><b>References<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></b></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Ballard, M. E., & Welch, K. M. (2017). Virtual Warfare: Cyberbullying and Cyber-Victimization in MMOG Play. <i>Games and Culture</i>, <i>12</i>(5), 466–491. https://doi.org/10.1177/1555412015592473<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">DeKeseredy, W. S., & Schwartz, M. D. (2016). Thinking Sociologically About Image-Based Sexual Abuse: The Contribution of Male Peer Support Theory. <i>Sexualization, Media, & Society</i>, <i>2</i>(4), 237462381668469. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374623816684692<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Drakett, J., Rickett, B., Day, K., & Milnes, K. (2018). Old jokes, new media – Online sexism and constructions of gender in Internet memes. <i>Feminism & Psychology</i>, <i>28</i>(1), 109–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353517727560<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Fox, J., & Tang, W. Y. (2017). Women’s experiences with general and sexual harassment in online video games: Rumination, organizational responsiveness, withdrawal, and coping strategies. <i>New Media & Society</i>, <i>19</i>(8), 1290–1307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816635778<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2018). Technology-Facilitated Sexual Violence: A Literature Review of Empirical Research. <i>Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</i>, <i>19</i>(2), 195–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016650189<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Jane, E. A. (2014). ‘Back to the kitchen, cunt’: Speaking the unspeakable about online misogyny. <i>Continuum</i>, <i>28</i>(4), 558–570. https://doi.org/10.1080/10304312.2014.924479<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Keats Citron, D. (2009). Law’s Expressive Value in Combating Cyber Gender Harassment. <i>All Faculty Publications</i>, <i>108</i>.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Kimmel, M. (2013). <i>Angry white men: American masculinity at the end of an era</i>. Hachette UK.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Kuznekoff, J. H., & Rose, L. M. (2013). Communication in multiplayer gaming: Examining player responses to gender cues. <i>New Media & Society</i>, <i>15</i>(4), 541–556.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p><p class="p2" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span class="Apple-converted-space"><span class="Apple-converted-space"></span></span></p><p class="p1" style="font-family: Garamond; font-size: 11.5px; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">Larkin, R. W. (2018). Learning to Be a Rampage Shooter: The Case of Elliot Rodger. In H. Shapiro (Ed.), <i>The Wiley Handbook on Violence in Education </i>(pp. 69–84). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118966709.ch4<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span></p></div></div>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-20349732618268432862020-08-16T12:44:00.001-04:002020-08-16T12:44:11.794-04:00 CALL for SPW (APA Division 35) Campus Representative Applicants<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU20rysG1a0RUMnDoGwEd4hR4KawsBhiHzyCVxaYaNrVd0S5HNMNsEDfUTWuBSjEOOO-h7-QoSEKObK9TBUuPJGr-tvTazsn7iKDTAAhOA89d8oTVngpBmhJMdN4ZjT27S6QJbg6WthHyL/s170/SPW.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="61" data-original-width="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU20rysG1a0RUMnDoGwEd4hR4KawsBhiHzyCVxaYaNrVd0S5HNMNsEDfUTWuBSjEOOO-h7-QoSEKObK9TBUuPJGr-tvTazsn7iKDTAAhOA89d8oTVngpBmhJMdN4ZjT27S6QJbg6WthHyL/s0/SPW.png" /></a></div><span id="docs-internal-guid-72d4e335-7fff-517a-167d-d0e74b9dfcff"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Among universities and colleges across the country, SPW Campus Representatives promote feminist scholarship, research, activism, and practice; give a face to Division 35 among students, and encourage awareness about diversity and social intersections as they affect women’s lives. Campus Representatives are supported by their fellow Representatives and the Student Representative as they create and organize programming that highlights feminist thought in psychology on their campus. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Campus Representative duties,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> to be accomplished over the 2020-2021 academic year (September 1, 2020-July 31, 2021, include: </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1) Create and execute at least 2 SPW-related events </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2) Write a minimum of 2 FemPop blog posts</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Both graduate and undergraduate students are welcome to apply!</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">--</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: small;">APPLICATIONS DUE BY <u>FRIDAY, AUGUST 28, 2020.</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9.5pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Please find the link to the application and information below: </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Link to Application:</span><a href="https://forms.gle/gfPPmEzs5y63yEth7" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://forms.gle/gfPPmEzs5y63yEth7</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Current Campus Representatives</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: </span><a href="http://www.apadivisions.org/division-35/leadership/campus-representatives/index.aspx" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://www.apadivisions.org/division-35/leadership/campus-representatives/index.aspx</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">FemPop Blog:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span><a href="http://fempopculture.blogspot.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">http://fempopculture.blogspot.com/</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.3800000000000001; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Please email the Division 35 Student Representative, Bhanu Priya Moturu(bpmoturu@umd.edu) with any questions.</span></p><div><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-85876918461717871082020-06-07T11:57:00.000-04:002020-06-07T11:57:31.146-04:00Young boys and Feminist Ideology // Kristin Vierra<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Lately, I have begun to contemplate how societal gender roles influence the well-being of young boys. Being that this is a feminist blog, I want to take a moment to bridge the content of this blog post to feminist ideologies. Feminists often share a common ideology (Polletta & Jasper, 2001). Namely, a consciousness of society’s traditional gender discriminations and openness to coming together with others to oppose discrimination (Downing & Roush, 1985). With this being said, I was intrigued to better understand how young boys view masculine gender roles, and how the adoption or resistance of masculine gender roles influences their overall well-being and more importantly, their friendships with fellow male peers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> I will begin with a general discussion of masculinity. What does one think of when they think of a masculine individual? A masculine individual is often characterized as unemotional, competent, heterosexual, and competitive. I will also point out, that for young boys, attempts to veer away from masculine traits are often seen as unacceptable acts (Ruble et al., 2007). This indicates that masculine traits are strictly enforced during boyhood. If these are the guidelines necessary to be labeled masculine and avoid ridicule from fellow peers, it can be hard for young boys to show their authentic selves and express their emotional states. Imagine the hardship a young boy must face as he avoids a sense of authenticity. For instance, after receiving a poor grade, he seeks comfort from peers and faces ridicule for expressing his emotions. Instead, he does his best to ignore his poor grade and disconnects with his authentic self and any form of peer support.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">With a constant requirement to steer away from expressing emotional states and their authentic self, </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">masculine norms often deteriorate close relationships between young males. Without a close friend to express oneself to, young boys often develop <span style="background: white;">outcomes such as low self-esteem, depression, and aggression (Addis, 2008; Chu, Porche, & Tolman, 2005). I myself lean on peers when I am feeling down. I have a hard time imagining how I would feel without the close relationships I hold with my peers.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> It is clear that a lack of close friendships has the power to damage the well-being of young boys. But how can young boys benefit from a close friendship? Really, what is the point of all of this? A close friendship has the potential to allot psychological well-being by providing an avenue of peer support and companionship (Helgeson & Lopez, 2010; <span style="background: white;">Mendelson & Aboud, 1999). Without the pressure to maintain emotional stoicism, boys are free to discuss their emotions and work together to overcome stressful life events. Relating back to the example of the boy who received a poor grade, this child can open up to his peers and express how he is feeling. Instead of reticule, his friends can listen and validate what he is experiencing. Instead of ignoring his problems, he can express his authentic self and feel supported by his peers.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">No matter who you are, you deserve to have a friend that you can lean. The idea that boys must be unemotional only leads to poor mental health outcomes <span style="background: white;">(Addis, 2008; Chu, Porche, & Tolman, 2005). </span>I want to point out that this post can relate to men too. Keep this blog post in mind when considering all the important boys and men in your life. Make sure they have someone they can connect and talk with.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">I do wish to point to intersectional elements that were missed within this blog post. For instance, how might boys of color juggle both gender and ethnic stereotypes? Or how might a transgender male manage masculine gender roles? I also want to stress that I do not wish to generalize that all boys and men strongly endorse masculine gender roles or find trouble expressing their emotions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman", serif;">By Kristin Vierra</span></div>
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References</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Addis, M. E. (2008). Gender and depression in men. <i>Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice</i>, <i>15</i>(3), 153–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2008.00125.x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Chu, J. Y., Porche, M. V., & Tolman, D. L. (2005). The adolescent masculinity ideology in relationships scale: Development and validation of a new measure for boys.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Men and Masculinities</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">8</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(1), 93–115.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X03257453" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X03257453</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif;"> Downing, N. E., & Roush, K. L. (1985). From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women. </span><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS, serif;">The Counseling<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Helgeson, V. S., & Lopez, L. (2010). Social support and growth following adversity. </span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Handbook of adult resilience</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> (pp. 309-330). New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Mendelson, M. J., & Aboud, F. E. (1999). Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: McGill friendship questionnaires.</span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 31</span></i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">(2), 130-132. doi:10.1037/h0087080<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif;"> Polletta, F., & Jasper, J. M. (2001). Collective identity and social movements. </span><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS, serif;">Annual Review of Sociology, 27, </span></i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif;">283–305. </span><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS, serif;">Psychologist</span></i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif;">, </span><i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS, serif;">13</span></i><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT, serif;">(4), 695-709. doi:10.1177/0011000085134013</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"> Ruble, D. N., Taylor, L. J., Cyphers, L., Greulich, F. K., Lurye, L. E., & Shrout, P. E. (2007). The role of gender constancy in early gender development. <i>Child Development</i>, <i>78</i>(4), 1121-1136. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01056.x</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-81457307541417388192020-05-07T12:38:00.001-04:002020-05-07T12:38:41.180-04:00Pop Culture in the Pandemic // Grace Fowler<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 29.3333px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">We can all agree that we have probably heard enough about COVID-19 and the daily updates about the prognosis of the world can fe</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">el exhausting. Yet we are endlessly fascinated with pop culture representations of disasters and diseases. As the seriousness of the pandemic has increased, so has the prevalence of people searching for </span><a href="https://www.kuow.org/stories/pop-culture-vs-pandemic-what-is-fact-and-fiction-when-facing-a-pandemic" style="color: #954f72; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">pandemic movies on Google.</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> Perhaps there is an odd comfort to catastrophizing our own experience through movies, as if to contextualize an invisible threat into the </span><a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1598778/" style="color: #954f72; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">very visible world Matt Damon and Goop herself.</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> As mental health professionals, we typically tell our clients to practice their safe coping skills whenever they begin to catastrophize to reduce their anxiety. In this situation, however, throwing ourselves head long into the panic of another world might be the best we can do to cope. At least in the movies, we have a reassurance that the story will be wrapped up and answers will be had.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;">A quick review of </span><a href="https://www.cinemablend.com/new/15-Best-Disaster-Movies-All-Time-43057.html" style="color: #954f72; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">top disaster movie lists</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> revealed that many of our favorite panic movies are male-centered. Maybe it’s too difficult to pass </span><a href="https://bechdeltest.com/" style="color: #954f72; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">the Bechdel Test</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> when a tsunami is hurtling toward the shore or a pandemic threatens the globe. Or maybe these films reflect a harsh reality in our lives: disaster impacts are highly gendered. The last few times a virus or illness has swept through the globe, </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/" style="color: #954f72; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">women’s earning ability took longer to recover than their male counterparts.</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> As many people are forced to shelter at home and schools close down, </span><a href="https://www.commondreams.org/views/2020/03/31/future-may-be-female-pandemic-patriarchal" style="color: #954f72; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">women are more likely to be called on to provide care for the whole family, sick or not.</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; text-indent: 0.5in;"> In situations like this pandemic, the second shift never ends; boundaries between work life and home life are so continuously blurred that women may find it difficult to delineate between all the responsibilities they hold. We still have a long way to go before we reach the end of the particular crisis, but I urge you dear readers, enjoy your pandemic movies while dividing up labor in an egalitarian way. Just because society has ground to a halt does not mean that feminism must.</span><br />
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Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-18685827844985906642020-05-07T12:24:00.003-04:002020-05-07T12:24:58.599-04:00Self-Compassion During Coronavirus: A gendered issue? // Kylie Steinhilber<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Picture from: Zaie / Adobe Stock </span><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://stock.adobe.com/contributor/205935674/zaie"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">https://stock.adobe.com/contributor/205935674/zaie</span></a></span><span style="text-align: start;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">As I sit down to write this article, I feel that writing about anything other than the global coronavirus crisis would lack the critical awareness we all need at this moment. We know that coronavirus, as with all health issues, impacts people in ways that benefit some groups and disadvantages others due to disparities in the distribution and access to resources, such as health care, food, housing, etc. Moreover, coronavirus has impacts far beyond its impact on physical health.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Media is also bringing to light the ways in which precautionary practices and coping can be a gendered and racialized issue, as reflected in the concerns of Black men who fear for their safety if they were to wear bandanas or face coverings (Aviles, 2020). These concerns bring to light how suggested ways of protecting oneself against coronavirus are misaligned with the reality of racism in America. Additionally, feminist scholars have called coronavirus a “Disaster for Feminism”, as self-isolation has threatened women’s financial impendence and pushed them into increased unpaid labor tasks within the home that are tied to traditional feminine gender roles (Lewis, 2020). Therefore, race and gender have a large influence on the ways in which people cope in response to coronavirus and are often misaligned with the “best practices” proposed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Each person’s experience during this time is individualized and unique, but a common thread is that it is difficult, distressing, and exhausting, to cope. As a coping strategy, self-compassion is much needed – and many have encouraged others to practice it. Self-compassion involves having kindness towards oneself, a sense of common experience across humanity, and mindfulness. Self-compassion is a message spread around social media, even by myself, in hopes of assuaging people’s undue guilt, shame, and/or self-criticism about not coping well. (But perhaps the idea that one can swiftly cope well in response to such an unprecedented issue, may be a façade in and of itself.) Some have compared this time as grief process and have suggested self-compassion as a way of processing our grief (Berinato, 2020). But, is self-compassion also a gendered issue?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">A meta-analysis has found that across studies, men are more self-compassionate than women (Yarnell et al., 2015). Authors of the meta-analysis actually suggest that the socialization of women towards care-taking roles may not transfer over towards self-compassion. Rather, women self-sacrifice at their own expense. Because self-compassion is also associated with better well-being, this may mean that women’s wellbeing, is negatively impacted more than men in the long-term. However, research has also indicated that this is not due to one’s self-identified gender alone. Rather, those who more highly endorse traditionally feminine and masculine gender roles report higher self-compassion (Yarnell et al., 2018). Therefore, those who find themselves somewhere in-between, or egalitarian, are less likely to be self-compassionate. So what does this mean for women, amid coronavirus, especially feminist women who typically reject traditional gender role division?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">On the one hand, this may indicate that we need to practice self-compassion even more, strengthening that muscle. On the other hand, perhaps self-compassion is not the right coping tool for everyone. Or, perhaps self-compassion is only one part of the puzzle… In response to coronavirus, we must be mindful that the strategies proposed to mitigate the spread of the illness and to cope in the face of it may not be easy, relatable, or accessible to practice for all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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- Kylie Steinhilber</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">References:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Aviles, G. (2020, April 9). <i>Black men fear homemade coronavirus masks could exacerbate racial profiling.</i> NBC News. <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-men-fear-homemade-masks-could-exacerbate-racial-profiling-n1179236" style="color: #954f72;">https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-men-fear-homemade-masks-could-exacerbate-racial-profiling-n1179236</a></span></u><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Lewis, H. (2020, March 19). <i>The Cornavirus is a Disaster for Feminism.</i> The Atlantic. </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. <i>Self and Identity, 14</i>(5), 499-520.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Yarnell, L. M., Neff, K. D., Davidson, O. A., & Mullarkey, M. (2019). Gender differences in self-compassion: Examining the role of gender role orientation. <i>Mindfulness, 10</i>(6), 1136-1152.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-28434768480138956112020-03-12T13:01:00.002-04:002020-03-12T13:01:19.470-04:00Why Isn’t Your Feminism Intersectional? // Angel McKissic, M.A., TLLP<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">In the past week, Target ran an ad for one of their Black-woman owned brands, The Honey Pot, a smart line of hygiene products, ranging from cotton pads to wipes. The commercial featured the brand’s owner, Beatrice Dixon, telling her story of entrepreneurship and that it was important for her brand to succeed because it would </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">increase opportunities for other Black women and girl entrepreneurs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Any meaningful concept of “feminism” includes (or should) the position that women, non-binary, and femme identified folx show up for each other in whatever decisions we make about our lives and recognize that our experiences are constituted by the intersection of all the identities we occupy. In other words, intersectional feminists fight for and uplift <i>everyone’s</i> right to author their lives. Moreover, an intersectional feminism acknowledges that the fight is against a system that devalues anything that resembles the socially constructed concept of femininity, thus the movement must include advocacy for all individuals who do not perform the socially acceptable standard of masculinity, because those who exist outside of it are systematically and pervasively subject to marginalization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> Cut to the day of the Target commercial and the subsequent onslaught of deplorable comments left on The Honey Pot’s TrustPilot page, and the social media of attacks aimed at the company and Beatrice herself. As a Black woman, it came as no surprise that most of these comments were left by White women claiming that Target and The Honey Pot’s owner were unnecessarily, even maliciously, using race, more specially, Blackness, in the brand’s storyline. One could write a robust dissertation on the numerous ways in which these complaints are problematic, not the least of which many of those women failed to realize that the ad aired in February, which is Black History Month. Target, among a slew of other companies use the month to highlight the Black business owners whose products they sell or endorse. But never mind this fact, because while we cannot know if those women who left the comments identify as feminists, the White women who do, have responded with a deafening silence, which begs the question - Is the attack on Beatrice and her company not worthy of mainstream feminist outrage? Apparently not.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"> One does not have to look far to find failures of the mainstream feminist movement. Where are the outcries of White feminists on the thousands of missing and murdered Indigenous women? What about the disproportionate killing of Black trans women? And how about the Black women who have been murdered by police? This is not to mention the nearly total exclusion of gender non-conforming and non-binary femmes from the concern and agenda of the mainstream feminism. Again and again we witness mainstream White feminism abandoning women of color and femmes because of a lack of intersectional ideology. The mainstream feminist movement has always been deeply drenched in White supremacy and heteronormativity. So, per usual, Black women, women of color, and queer folx show up for their communities in the void left by White feminism. Case in point, Black publications like Essence, published a response form Beatrice a few days after the incident. Black women on social media have been calling for others to counter the vitriolic comments left on the page with positive reviews, and Beatrice has been featured on <i>The Real</i>, a daytime talk show hosted by an all women of color cast. In the end, this is the old playbook of mainstream feminism, so it is up to a new generation of Black, brown, and queer women/femmes to call out feminist movements that claim to empower and uplift women, when the reality is they are leaving behind the most marginalized women and femmes. If your feminism is not inclusive, then it is not revolutionary nor radical.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">You can find The Honey Pot products </span><a href="https://thehoneypot.co/" style="color: #954f72;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">here</span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">By Angel McKissic, M.A., TLLP</span></div>
Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-35173395646838598092020-03-12T12:57:00.003-04:002020-03-12T12:57:56.261-04:00Towards a Greater Consciousness // Sandra Yankah, M.S.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">The human brain has a tendency to continually employ strategies that make it easier and faster to categorize, pass judgments and make decisions. Ideally, these shortcuts result in more efficiency and lessen the expenditure of unnecessary energy. However, there are many pitfalls associated with these mental shortcuts. Automatic versus controlled processing can be compared to the ubiquitous and uncontrolled processes involved with implicit learning versus the effort associated with deliberate learning. Controlled processing is seen as deliberate, conscious, and effortful. Uncontrolled processing is seen as occurring without effort or awareness.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Automatic processing helps us with the continuity between the old and new. It often saves us time by allowing us to complete a task without consciously thinking about them. Consequently, we are constantly engaging automatically with the world. Examples of mental shortcuts associated with automatically analyzing the world include schemas and scripts. Schemas are mental structures people use to quickly organize the world. Scripts are standards of behavior and resulting consequences that are expected in specific environments or contexts. The difficulty with these phenomena is that they are not culturally universal and can be tied to deleterious processes such as prejudice and discrimination. Within the field of psychology, we frequently study how implicit beliefs and attitudes affect an individual's explicit behaviors or expressions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> Implicit refers to something that is held internally and can refer to attitudes or beliefs that are not in immediate awareness. Explicit refers to the physical manifestation of implicitly held beliefs or attitudes. A concrete understanding of how these processes influence and relate to each other is particularly important in real-world contexts. For example, policing is a practice that requires individuals to make quick decisions under stressful conditions. Failing to acknowledge the effects of implicit processes that influence decisions like whether or not to use deadly force can have disastrous results. Interventions that have been developed to help combat this problem include guiding individuals through exercises that allow them to recognize and acknowledge implicit feelings of bias, fear, or prejudice. The aim of these exercises is not to eliminate these components of thinking, but to help people to recognize that they exist so that they think twice before engaging in actions that have the propensity to be harmful to others. These exercises can be applied in our every day lives as well. Carefully examining the origin of our own attitudes and beliefs provides a greater awareness of how they directly or indirectly influence the way that we engage with the world around us.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">By Sandra Yankah, M.S.</span></div>
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Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-51486417883633727622020-03-12T12:54:00.000-04:002020-03-12T12:54:06.564-04:00Women, Safety Anxiety, and The Rise of True Crime Podcasts // Jaclyn A. Siegel<div style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in;">
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Content Warning: Physical and sexual violence against women<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Over the past few years, true crime-related podcasts have become a part of the zeitgeist. The popularity of podcasts as a medium can arguably be attributed to the investigative journalism series <em>Serial</em>, in which NPR reporter Sarah Koenig revisited the details of Hae Min Lee’s murder and the case against Adnan Syed. Other investigative journalism podcasts, such as <em>Finding Cleo </em>(the plight of missing and murdered Indigenous women, particularly Cleopatra Semaganis Nicotine), <em>Cold </em>(the murder of Susan Cox Powell and her two sons), <em>In Your Own Backyard </em>(the murder of Kristin Smart), <em>Root of Evil </em>(the murder of the “Black Dahlia”), and <em>Man in the Window </em>(the tactics and strategies of the Golden State Killer), have also topped the charts in recent years. Millions of listeners tune in each week to five-star-rated podcasts such as <em>Crime Junkie</em> and <em>My Favourite Murder</em> to “get their fix” of true crime. These podcasts are not just entertaining: in some cases, they have actually played a role in identifying victims (e.g., <em>Bear Brook</em>) and solving cold cases (e.g., <em>Up and Vanished</em>)<em>.</em><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">A few months ago, I took a deep dive into the true crime podcast world and have since become quite the “true crime junkie.” Not only do I listen to the podcasts, but I also subscribe to two of them on Patreon for bonus content and am a member of a Facebook group for listeners. I even recently purchased tickets to a live show in New York to see my favourite podcasters (Gillian Pensavale and Patrick Hinds, <em>True Crime Obsessed</em>) provide their commentary on a true crime documentary (note: I live and study in Canada). The combination of intrigue and horror created by these stories has left me completely engrossed in the world of true crime. I am not alone in this: more and more people, and women in particular, find themselves drawn to crime-related media content (Tuttle, 2019; Vicary & Fraley, 2010).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Survey research consistently shows that, while men listen to podcasts marginally more regularly than women, women comprise the overwhelming majority of true crime podcast listeners (Joyce, 2018). Various explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon: (1) although most podcasting is done by men, the hosts of true crime-related podcasts are often women, (2) in some cases, female hosts infuse personal anecdotes into the narratives, making them relatable to women, and (3) other podcasts are specifically geared toward male-typed topics (e.g., sports, politics) while murder is less gender-specific. Perhaps the most compelling explanation for women’s attraction to these stories, however, is that (4) true crime stories validate women’s fears about experiencing violent crimes themselves.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Women – particularly women with marginalized identities – consistently report higher rates of personal safety anxiety and vigilance than men (Riger & Gordon, 1981; Riggs & Cook, 2014). This may seem somewhat paradoxical, as men are more likely to experience nearly all forms of violent crime (Cotter & Savage, 2019). Yet, women (especially those who are transgender or queer) are disproportionately victimized by crimes of a sexual nature (Cotter & Savage, 2019; Stotzer, 2009). College-aged women report a variety of situations in which they are afraid of being raped and engage in numerous safety-related behaviors out of fear of rape (e.g., “avoid accepting help with my car from guys I don’t know”, “avoid walking through parking lots”, “carry something to use as a weapon”, “refrain from drinking around guys I don’t know”; Hickman & Huehlenhard, 1997).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">The “shadow of sexual assault hypothesis” (Ferraro, 1995) proposes that, given the “ever-present” concern of sexual assault, women’s fear of being raped “shadows” their fear of experiencing all other forms of violence (Fisher & Sloan, 2003). Research has supported this hypothesis: According to survey research, although women express more fear of experiencing nearly all forms of violent crimes – and perceive themselves to be at a higher risk of experiencing violent crimes – women’s fear of rape can help to explain their concerns about potentially being victimized by myriad types of crime (Fisher & Sloan, 2003).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Notably, women report experiencing unwanted sexual attention or behavior in public, private, and online places and spaces more often than men, and thirty percent of Canadian women report lifetime experiences of sexual assault (Cotter & Savage, 2019). All of these experiences, from catcalling to unwanted touching to sexual violence, occur along a spectrum of sexual objectification, a common and uncontrollable experience in women’s lives. As proposed by Objectification Theory (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997), experiencing sexual objectification can remind women that, regardless of their other personal attributes and characteristics, they walk through the world as <em>bodies, </em>bodies that can be harmed and violated. Women may even adopt an objectified self-perspective to anticipate and control their social treatment (Roberts, 2004). The threat of sexual violence is inherent in all experiences of sexual objectification, even those that may seem benign or flattering. Research suggests that experiencing sexual harassment can not only increase women’s self-objectification but also can increase their fear and perceived risk of rape (Fairchild & Rudman, 2008). The fear of being raped produced by experiencing sexual objectification can explain, in part, women’s fear of experiencing all forms of crime (Watson, Marszalek, Dispenza, & Davids, 2015).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Listening to true crime podcasts is a way that women can have their fear of rape and crime validated. For many of us, these gruesome stories do not merely serve as entertainment: they remind us that our fears are legitimate and in many cases can provide tips and tricks for staying safe (e.g., <em>“Crime Junkie Life Rules”</em>). These strategies may not protect us in practice, but they can help us feel more prepared and empowered to protect ourselves. While consuming crime-related media content may actually increase perceptions of crime risk and fear of crime (Callanan, 2012), we are drawn to them because these are <em>our</em> stories: our friends’, our families’, and – if we are not careful – our own.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“Stay sexy and don’t get murdered” (<em>My Favorite Murder)</em>. “Be weird, be rude, stay alive” (<em>Crime Junkie</em>). More than merely catchphrases, these slogans are our warnings, our hopes, and our prayers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN">References<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN">Callanan, V. J. (2012). Media consumption, perceptions of crime risk and fear of crime: Examining race/ethnic differences. <i>Sociological Perspectives, 55</i>(1), 93-115. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsop.2012.55.1.93"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2012.55.1.93</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Cotter, A., & Savage, L. (2019, December 5). Gender-based violence and unwanted sexual behaviour in Canada, 2018: Initial findings from the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces. <i>Statistics Canada</i>. Retrieved from: <a href="https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2019001/article/00017-eng.htm"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/2019001/article/00017-eng.htm</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Fairchild, K., & Rudman, L. A. (2008). Everyday stranger harassment and women’s objectification. <i>Social Justice Research, 21</i>, 338-357. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0073-0"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-008-0073-0</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Ferraro, K. F. (1995) <i>Fear of crime: Interpreting victimization risk.</i> State University of New York Press, New York.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Fisher, B. S., & Sloan, J. J. (2003). Unraveling the fear of victimization among college women: Is the “shadow of sexual assault hypothesis” supported? <i>Justice Quarterly, </i>30(3), 633-659. Doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095641"><span style="color: #1155cc;">10.1080/07418820300095641</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T.-A. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks. <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21(</i>2), 173-206. doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Hickman, S. E., & Huehlenhard, C. L. (1997). College women’s fears and precautionary behaviors relating to acquaintance rape and stranger rape. <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21</i>(4), 527-547. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.1997.tb00129.x"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00129.x</span></a><u><span style="color: #1155cc;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Joyce, G. (2018). Podcast audiences: Why are women such big fans of true crime podcasts? <i>Brandwatch </i>[online] https://www.brandwatch.com/blog/react-podcast-audiences/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Riger, S., & Gordon, M. T. (1981). The fear of rape: A study in social control. <i>Journal of Social Issues, 37</i>(4), 71-92. <u><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://doi.org/</span></u><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01071.x"><span style="color: #1155cc;">10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01071.x</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Riggs, S., & Cook, C. L. (2014). The shadow of physical harm? Examining the unique and gendered relationship between fear of murder versus fear of sexual assault on fear of violent crime. <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30</i>(14), 2383-2409. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260514553117"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514553117</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN">Roberts, T.-A. (2004). Female trouble: The menstrual self-evaluation scale and women’s self-objectification. <i>Psychology of Women Quarterly, 28</i>(1), 22-26. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.2004.00119.x"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2004.00119.x</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-8510539225891437682020-01-25T12:03:00.002-05:002020-01-25T12:03:47.982-05:00Allowing is Not the Same as Supporting: How to Support Women in STEM // Jonette M. Peretik<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Science, Technology, Engineering,
and Mathematics (STEM) career fields have historically been considered male-dominated domains.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>STEM careers include
biological/environmental, physical, computer and mathematical, social, and
engineering sciences.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For at least the
past two decades, women have earned around 57% of all the awarded STEM bachelor’s
degrees and have finally caught up to around 50% of all the awarded STEM doctoral
degrees; however, there is a discrepancy between major fields of study
(National Science Board, 2019a).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Doctorates
held by women in engineering (24%), mathematics and computer science (25%),
chemistry (39%), and physics (18%) still remain significantly lower than their
male colleagues (National Science Board, 2019a).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In contrast, women have recently earned half
or more of the doctorates in biological sciences (52%), psychology (73%), and
sociology (61%) (National Science Board, 2019a).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even though there is still a noticeable gap
in STEM degrees between men and women, there is an even larger discrepancy in
the way men and women use their degrees.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Roughly half of all individuals who
have earned the highest degree in their respective STEM fields are not actually
employed in a STEM career (National Science Board, 2019b).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Furthermore, the percentage of doctorate
holders employed as full-time faculty members have been steadily declining
since the 1970s to less than 70% as of 2017 (National Science Board, 2019b).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Although earning about half of the STEM
doctorates, women only make up 43% of full-time junior faculty, 32% of
full-time senior faculty, and 34% of the doctorate holders employed in any STEM
career (National Science Board, 2019b).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This data begs the question, “Where do all of the women PhDs go?”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">How do we lose so many women along
the so-called STEM pipeline?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The STEM
pipeline is a metaphorical description of the career trajectory beginning with high
school (sometimes even earlier in education), continuing through undergraduate
education, funneling into graduate education and post-doctoral work, and
finally launching onto the faculty stepladder (Blickenstaff, 2005; Cannady,
Greenwald, & Harris, 2014; Xie & Shauman, 2003).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Much research has already shown a <i>leak</i>
in the pipeline, particularly amongst women, but there is not a clear consensus
as to the cause of the leak (Tanenbaum & Upton, 2014).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The historical explanation blamed socially
engrained gender bias in the recruitment of women into STEM-based on competency and
interest differences (e.g., men are better at math and science).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, after ramping up efforts in
recruitment, more women than men are entering into STEM, but the men are still
the majority to emerge victoriously into the coveted faculty positions (June,
2015).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Interventions aimed at retention
along the education portion of the pipeline only defer the leak to later
stages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Increasing social support
increases retention at earlier stages.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Many women like to know they are not alone in the grueling gauntlet of
STEM career training.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One study done at
Ohio institutions showed the likelihood of women to complete their doctoral degree
positively correlated with the number of women in the program (Doctorates,
2017; Flaherty, 2018; Wolfson, 2018).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Academic/content
support systems intervene to ensure all students make the necessary
grades.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some institutions even offer
additional support to perpetuate motivation, decrease burnout, and enhance the effectiveness of interpersonal skills when stepping into an intimidating
setting of a traditionally male-dominated career (Stoneman, 2019).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These solutions just seem to delay the
inevitable, possibly making the dropout more painful after all of the hard
work.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The competitive environment for
STEM careers can be rigorous and intense.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consistent with the typical personality traits of the female gender,
many women express dissatisfaction with the cut-throat, political climate of
the STEM field (Mavriplis et al., 2010).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Additionally, graduate students, post-doctoral fellows, and junior
faculty oftentimes work in excess of a 40-hour week, especially at
research-heavy institutions (Bowden, 2011).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>There is a secret, unwritten STEM cultural rule that guilts its members
into pushing the limits on loyalty of time (Woolston, 2017).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being such a pervasive problem, the Obama
administration attempted to alleviate the long hours by passing amendments to
the Fair Labor Standards Act (Polka & Szalinski, 2016).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some women attempt to opt for part-time
employment.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A survey of approximately
227,800 psychologists show women are almost twice as likely as men to take a
part-time position, and women are 7 times more likely than men to cite family
obligations as their reason (Conroy, Christidis, & Lin, 2019).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the problem is far from solved.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Even if not tied to a bench or research lab, STEM
professionals will put in time attending seminars, workshops, and conferences,
completing data analysis, and reading, writing, and reviewing papers and
grants.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additionally, the concept of an
Early Stage Investigator, a special advantage when applying for funding for the
first ten years after earning their doctorate (National Institutes of Health,
n.d.), tends to perpetuate the overworked dilemma through a fellowship and into
their junior faculty position as they try to make efficient use of these
privilege points.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">The current trend for women in STEM
careers is to go through “downshifting” to maintain a family/work-life balance
(Ceci, Williams, & Barnett, 2009).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While
many factors play into the disappearance, downshifting, or leak of women from
STEM careers, Tanenbaum and Upton eloquently describe the problem as maintaining
the STEM career trajectory “conflicts with the biological clocks of women”
(2014).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Given the length of time to
complete the undergraduate and graduate degrees, many women enter into their
postdoctoral or junior faculty stages with established or brand-new families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Motherhood brings about a multitude of new
considerations affecting one’s career: additional housework load, childcare
arrangements, family vacations, healthcare, school involvement, time for
self-care, and less ability to multitask versus work hours, bringing work home,
traveling for conferences or study sections, and partaking in important
professional networking.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The list is
essentially endless.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is not too hard
to imagine how a 60-hour (or sometimes more) workweek is not conducive to
work/life balance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Inability to devote
the desired amount of time to career and family will leave women feeling
disloyal to one domain or the other and can result in frustration and guilt
(Blair-Loy, 2003; McCausland, 2019).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>To
make matters more complicated, STEM career women tend to partner up with STEM career
men, thus potentiating the demands on the STEM career family (Mavriplis et al.,
2010).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Although a part-time STEM position
would seem like an ideal compromise to family/work-life balance, new mothers are
leaving full-time STEM careers at an alarming rate with one study reporting
prevalence as high as 43% (Cech & Blair-Loy, 2019; Else, 2019).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The structure of the STEM pipeline is rigid
and unforgiving for women who end up with gaps in full-time STEM employment due
to motherhood or other family commitments.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>When returning from this <i>break</i>, oftentimes the woman is viewed as
less committed than her male counterparts and is, therefore, less competitive
for tenure and grant funding (Mavriplis et al., 2010).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Part-time employment does not offer the same
financial, tenure, or funding benefits as full-time positions.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually, the new mother feels forced to
succumb to a demanding work schedule to attempt to overcome these new barriers
on career advancement and success, amplifying the already strained time for
family obligations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Those women who find
staying in the STEM pipeline is incongruent with their family values are the
ones who <i>leak from the STEM pipeline</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">What exactly is the magic solution
for the family versus career conundrum?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>How can we truly and fully support women in STEM careers?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The National Science Foundation's ADVANCE
program has invested over $270 million dollars targeted towards the recruitment and
retention of women in the STEM field (National Science Foundation, n.d.).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Some of the research focuses on reviewing
recruitment, promotion, and tenure policies, addressing work-life balance
satisfaction by looking at institutional climate, feelings of isolation, and
dual-career hiring policies, and providing training and mentorship to enable a
woman to navigate tenure policies and leadership development.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, as wonderful the intent, “Providing
workshops, training, timely feedback on progress, and coaching on the tenure
and promotion processes to all faculty” (National Science Foundation, n.d.)
still sounds like policy makers are missing the point.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Lack of understanding the rigorous guidelines
and expectations of a STEM career is not the problem with women leaking out of
STEM.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Having to choose between family
and career to meet these expectations is the problem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Women in STEM need better resources
and real changes to the policies precluding them from advancing in the career
they were told could be within their dreams.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Women need to stop being treated as academic pariahs when choosing a
non-linear track for their professional careers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One anecdote reported by Mavriplis et al.,
(2010) expresses: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: .5in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">It’s difficult for any gender to be
out of science, it’s hard to keep up. You fall out of social networks, keeping
up appearances is important. I took 6 months off for a baby, and it was hard to
come back. People who have families sometimes are seen as “worse” scientists,
i.e. they don’t work hard enough (only 8 hours a day and not 12-14). When I had
my first son, I was working harder than in my entire life trying to combine
work and family, but nevertheless, I was seen as someone who is not doing a good
enough job. It was very difficult. (p.146)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;">Women tend to have an idea of the
expectations of being a career woman and the expectations of being a
mother.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What women do not have is honest
permission to intermingle their professional career goals with their
families.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This
is usually the part where one would state “additional research is
necessary.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, it is not
necessary.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Additional research has been
done.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is now necessary to make
changes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hewlett et al. (2008)
highlights new initiatives from 43 global STEM companies “that realign
corporate cultures and redesign career paths to better fit the needs” of the
women desiring to balance life and work in STEM careers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Chaudhuri (2011) suggests addressing
tenure-clock policies by pausing to accommodate childbirth and early childhood
years.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hill, Corbett, & St. Rose
(2010) makes recommendations for each stage of the STEM pipeline including
increasing mentorship for female faculty members.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mavriplis et al. (2010) suggest making
several system-level changes such as non-discriminatory re-entry process for
women returning to the STEM careers after gaps due to childrearing, reducing
requirement loads for tenure requiring mothers to juggle research, teaching,
and community outreach with family obligations, and more explicit support of
family life from “people in positions of power ” (p. 147).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cech and Blair-Loy (2019) would like to see
more states offering paid leave to parents for childcare, better and more
prestigious part-time positions available at STEM institutions, and STEM
leaders to explicitly challenge cultural bias against STEM mothers.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Goulden, Frasch, & Mason (2009) delineate
several suggested changes for both the institutional and federal policy levels
including time-based accommodations towards funding, tenure, leave, and
re-entry, better childcare provisions, and enhanced financial benefits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mental
health professionals (MHPs) can and need to help support women in STEM.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MHPs should learn and familiarize themselves
with the STEM career culture to develop empathy for the challenges women in
STEM face.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MHPs should be familiar with
strategies available to STEM women walking the tightrope of work-family life
balance (see Mavriplis et al., 2010 for suggestions on addressing the women’s
needs, p.149).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MHPs should encourage and
empower women to advocate for themselves.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Lastly, MHPs also need to advocate on behalf of STEM women to the
policy makers and field leaders to change the way they view family fitting into
a STEM career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The bottom line is these
changes are needed.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Changing the policy
is only the first step.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>These policy
changes need to be explicitly supported by the STEM leaders, so much so that
they are publicized as options and resources more often than the women are made
to feel inferior and less competitive, either implicitly or explicitly, for
wanting both family and a STEM career.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">By Jonette M. Peretik</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">References</span></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Blair-Loy,
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Chaudhuri,
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Conroy, J.,
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Else, H.
(2019, February 19). Nearly half of US female scientists leave full-time
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</style>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-39216434781135146732019-12-24T03:46:00.002-05:002019-12-24T03:46:44.463-05:00Not Your Housewife: Reclaiming cooking as an act of feminist self-care // KYLIE STEINHILBER, M.S.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
I recently moved
in with my male partner and instantly started to notice a growing distress
around food within myself. As someone who has grown up on diets and later spent
a large sum of time dedicated to researching the relationships women have with
food and their bodies, I know the importance that food can take on in a woman’s
life. For many women, the idea of cooking, in particular, is inherently tied to
the traditional stereotypes of women’s household roles in the home: cooking,
cleaning, and taking care of one’s husband and kids. This image can be
confining for many, especially those who don’t conform to heteronormative or
binary gender roles and can have negative effects on one’s mental health.
Moreover, emphasis on traditional divisions of male and female roles
(masculinity/femininity) may account for health disparities in stress and
well-being that disproportionately afflict women (Mayor, 2015). While I enjoy
cooking, I found myself feeling that pressure when moving in with my male
partner to make sure I cooked for both of us. However, this added stress that
I did not predict as cooking started to feel more like an obligation than a
free expression.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
We cannot deny
that that cooking is a domestic task women are socialized to perform. At the
same time, many women enjoy cooking. However, these things don’t really align.
As Julia Black, a writer for Bon Appetit, put it: “I Thought Cooking Would Make
Me a Bad Feminist.” So, how can women reclaim cooking for themselves without
feeling that they’re succumbing to gender oppression? For me, it involved a
brief break from cooking initially. I had to express to my partner my need for
him to engage in cooking activities more which flipped the gender dynamic on
its head. As I began to reintegrate back in the kitchen after my time off, we
began to cook together more often or switch the days each of us cooked,
equalizing the power. I also engaged in cooking for myself more frequently.
This also required me to set boundaries with my partner about what I would cook
and not cook for him based on my available time and stress level. I also cooked
or baked when no one else was home – a peaceful meditation of sorts.
Additionally, I cooked for my female friends allowing myself to incorporate
cooking into another aspect of self-care, socializing, and to build community
around food.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
In doing all of
these things, I experienced a lot of benefits. For starters, by setting healthy
boundaries for myself with my partner, I gained a sense of confidence and
self-efficacy. Additionally, our relationship benefitted from having open and
honest conversations about the pressures gender roles placed on both of us, not
just myself. By taking time to engage with food individually, I started
rebuilding my relationship with food and I was also able to manage stress by
becoming fully engaged with the cooking process when I wasn’t under pressure to
cook for someone else or within a certain time-frame. Lastly, I was able to
foster my own feminist community by bringing together my friends over food. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
These benefits
around cooking and food aren’t unique to me. Researchers have started to examine
the ways food can be beneficial for psychosocial health. For example, Famer and
colleagues’ review on cooking interventions showed that cooking shows promise
as a mental health intervention because it has positive effects on socialization,
self-esteem, quality of life, and affect (Farmer, Touchton-Leonard, & Ross,
2018). Authors believe the effects lie in cooking’s ability to foster
mindfulness and creativity (Hoque, 2015). Additionally, feminist cooks have
been opening feminist restaurants since the 70s and 80s as a way of reclaiming
cooking for themselves<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Cooke, 2019). Feminist
restaurants have been important in building feminist communities of women as
well as queer, especially lesbian, communities by giving women safe spaces to
gather. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;">
Feminist
restaurants arose from the need of women to have their own separate domains in
which to thrive, connect, and socialize safely because the traditional gendered
division of labor isolated women in the home. However, authors note it has not
always been that way – rather, prior to the 19<sup>th</sup> century, women and
men shared the burden of cooking as many more people were part of rural farming
families (Flinn, 2019). Future research should examine the ways in which the
family landscape is changing around food as it relates to gender roles and
mental health. Additionally, as women begin to reclaim cooking as a feminist
act of self-care, it is pertinent that men join as allies, taking on some of
the burden of cooking and joining women in the positives that cooking can bring.
Moreover, a feminist lens should be applied to research in the area of cooking
and mental health, as this activity is heavily tied to the historical roots of
what it means to be a woman and feminist movements.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: right; text-indent: 0.5in;">
By KYLIE STEINHILBER, M.S.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 200%;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">References:<br />Cooke, S. (2019, July 9). Reclaiming Cooking: The legacy of feminist
restaurants. Retrieved from <a href="https://fembotmag.com/2019/07/09/reclaiming-cooking-the-legacy-of-feminist-restaurants/">https://fembotmag.com/2019/07/09/reclaiming-cooking-the-legacy-of-feminist-restaurants/</a><o:p><br /></o:p>Farmer, N., Touchton-Leonard, K., & Ross, A. (2018).
Psychosocial benefits of cooking interventions: A systematic review. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Health Education & Behavior, 45</i>(2),
167-180.<o:p><br /></o:p>Flinn, A. (2019, April 19). It’s time for women to reclaim
the kitchen as an empowering place. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.wellandgood.com/good-food/cooking-feminism/">https://www.wellandgood.com/good-food/cooking-feminism/</a><o:p><br /></o:p>Hoque, F. (16 January, 2015). How cooking boosts creativity,
mindfulness, and mastery. Retrieved from <a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-cooking-boost-creativ_b_6443504">https://www.huffpost.com/entry/how-cooking-boost-creativ_b_6443504</a><o:p><br /></o:p>Mayor, E. (2015). Gender roles and traits in stress and
health. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Frontiers in psychology, 6</i>,
779. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00779</span></div>
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<!--EndFragment--><br />Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-29256474316159791532019-12-24T03:38:00.002-05:002019-12-24T03:38:27.432-05:00Encouraging Social Change in the Classroom: Tying Together Feminist Pedagogy and Critical Consciousness // Kristin Vierra<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Within the educational system, I believe educators would agree it is important to<br />
empower students and encourage them to implement social change. Unfortunately, many forms<br />
of discrimination occur within our society. It is critical that educators collect methods to<br />
encourage students to fight discrimination and work towards social change. With this in mind, I<br />
would like to share my experience within my Psychology of Women’s course and the method<br />
my professor used to empower my class to work towards social change.<br />
<br />
As an undergraduate in a Psychology of Women course, I experienced a unique course<br />
format. My professor encouraged our class to take charge of our learning. Instead of my<br />
professor spending the entire course period lecturing course materials, she encouraged us to take<br />
time to analyze course materials in small groups and consider real-life examples related to course<br />
materials. At the same time, my professor stressed that each students opinions were valid. She<br />
encouraged us to listen and cherish peers diverse viewpoints and experiences. In this course, I<br />
was learning traditional course materials, but I was also learning to connect course material to<br />
real-life experiences and respect and listen to my peers diverse backgrounds.<br />
<br />
It wasn’t until later that I learned my professor had adopted a Feminist Pedagogical<br />
teaching style. Feminist pedagogy can be interpreted as a collective laboratory in which students<br />
and professors work together to unfold, interpret, decode research and evaluate the theory of<br />
women’s experiences (Kimmel & Worell, 1997). In addition, the chance to hear peers diverse<br />
viewpoints and experiences stimulates students ability to question privilege and oppression,<br />
<br />
challenge myths pertaining to social groups (Sinacore & Boatwrigh, 2005).The idea behind<br />
letting go of a traditional teaching style stems from the idea that perception does not occur in a<br />
vacuum, instead perception is developed in social interactions. Students are granted the<br />
opportunity to listen to diverse experiences and viewpoints, make sense of what peers share, and<br />
develop a deeper understanding of a course topic (Dillenbourg, 2006). For example, after hearing<br />
viewpoints from multiple students, and challenging myths, a student may shift from viewing the<br />
pay gap as a fault of women traditionally picking lower-paying jobs and instead conclude that the<br />
pay gap is due to institutional systems simply valuing the work of male employees more than<br />
female employees. In sum, students are gaining the skills needed to question societal constructs<br />
and institution systems that constitute social inquietly.<br />
<br />
A term can be applied to the ability to question societal constructs and institution systems<br />
that constitute social inquietly. That term being critical consciousness. Critical consciousness is<br />
promoted best in groups in which facilitators hold non-oppressive relationships with participants<br />
while discussing current sociopolitical circumstances in order to reveal institutional systems that<br />
create inequality. (Campbell & MacPhail, 2002; Watts, Abdul-Adil, & Pratt, 2002).<br />
Individuals who have developed critical consciousness skills have the capability to place<br />
responsibility of social injustice on institutional systems instead of individuals who are victims<br />
of inequality (Duncan-Andrade & Morrell, 2008). To better understand this, turn back to my<br />
example of the student shifting their blame of the pay gap on women because, on average, they<br />
chose jobs that pay less, and instead blaming the pay gap on institutional systems simply valuing<br />
the work of male employees more than female employees.<br />
<br />
So I will begin this section with a question: Why is it important to adopt a feminist pedagogical teaching method with the aim to foster critical consciousness skill in students? Well- developed critical consciousness skills are linked to a student’s motivation to make changes in their own lives as well as the lives of others (Robinson-Keilig, Hamill, Gwin-Vinsant, & Dashner, 2014; Sinacore & Boatwrigh, 2005). College, of course, aims to educate students and provide the knowledge needed to build a successful career. However, is it not also important to empower students while also motivating our future generations to create social change? With many institutional systems generating countless forms of inequality such as sexism, poverty, racial discrimination, etc., the goal of our educational system must focus on empowering college students to create social change.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
By Kristin Vierra</div>
Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-67750638902943280442019-12-05T14:52:00.000-05:002019-12-05T14:53:12.965-05:00Feminism, Anti-Misogyny and the Gay Community // Jared W. Boot, M.A.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidkVWyv1hmXHL4uYvpqhyFqKwVwSHPSMrOa17R9c4rhTS_2v0GCenU1041BuFytjVSUYzrbKG-9crftZ9_Yw3GBrPwGScqdIXT15rnf2feVR8RiouelAbbedMT9XLweCaZ0_obxK9YqUR/s1600/lgbtgender.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="187" data-original-width="270" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgidkVWyv1hmXHL4uYvpqhyFqKwVwSHPSMrOa17R9c4rhTS_2v0GCenU1041BuFytjVSUYzrbKG-9crftZ9_Yw3GBrPwGScqdIXT15rnf2feVR8RiouelAbbedMT9XLweCaZ0_obxK9YqUR/s320/lgbtgender.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Gay men need to discern what role their culture plays in maintaining the overarching influence of hegemonic masculinity’s misogyny in American culture. Kupers (2005) defines hegemonic masculinity as a form of masculinity that results in the “subjugation of women, gays, and men who exhibit feminine characteristics” (p. 717). Declaring oneself a feminist is not enough for gay men; “masculinity operates like whiteness: it demands control over any space it enters. It plants itself in the center and shoves anything coded as feminine to the edges” (Wright, 2018, p. 10). Just as White culture needs to be anti-racist, rather than merely pro-diversity, gay culture needs to be anti-misogynist, not just a community that declares itself in solidarity with feminism. Only after discerning the role gay men play in hegemonic masculinity, will the gay community begin to aid in dismantling the destructive impact of misogyny.<br />
<br />
It is still prevalent in the gay community for men to use their masculinity in a way that maintains male privilege (Johnson & Samdahl, 2005). Johnson and Samdahl (2005) found this to be true in their ethnography at a gay bar. Despite being subject to hegemonic masculinity themselves, gay men frequently “othered” lesbian women using their masculinity to assert. This form of othering was not limited to women; this is also how gay men often interacted with each other.<br />
<br />
Hunt, Fasoli, Carnaghi, and Cadinu (2016) noticed that when gay men experienced threats to their masculinity, they identified as more masculine and had less desire to interact with feminine men. The gay community has been subject to tremendous duress caused by hegemonic masculinity from the abuse of power of heterosexual males.<br />
<br />
As aforementioned, hegemonic masculinity is a form of masculinity that perpetuates homophobia, so it is understandable that gay men would want to conform to hegemonic masculinity as a coping mechanism. However, becoming complicit in misogynistic hegemonic masculinity as a coping mechanism to reduce interpersonal distress will only perpetuate misogyny and further distress others.
<br />
<br />
In the gay community, gay men need to explore redefining their masculinity in a way that allows them to express their full range of emotions (Karp, 2010). After gay men understand how they “both protect and reinforce the very norms they know are not salubrious for their health, then resistance can begin” (Way, 2011, p. 142). Hopefully, this resistance will encourage more gay men not to marginalize other men who express more femininity, since they are already at heightened risk for more psychosocial dysfunction (Hunt et al., 2016). Additionally, perhaps gay men can use this in their interactions with women like the lesbians at the gay bar mentioned above. After doing the critical work of deconstructing hegemonic masculinity and adopting a stance of anti-misogyny, maybe then gay men can more readily accept those of <span style="text-align: center;">other genders as equal to them and, indeed, be feminists.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
By Jared W. Boot, M.A.</div>
<br />
References<br />
<br />
Hunt, C. J., Fasoli, F., Carnaghi, A., & Cadinu, M. (2016). Masculine self-presentation and distancing from femininity in gay men: An experimental examination of the role of masculinity threat.<br />
Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 17(1), 108-112.
Johnson, C. W., & Samdahl, D. M. (2005). " The night they took over": Misogyny in a country- western gay bar. Leisure Sciences, 27, 331-348.
Karp, D. R. (2010). Unlocking men, unmasking masculinities: Doing men's work in prison. The Journal of Men's Studies, 18(1), 63-83.<br />
Kupers, T. A. (2005). Toxic masculinity as a barrier to mental health treatment in prison. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 713-724.<br />
Way, N. (2011). Deep secrets: The hidden landscape of boys' friendships. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.<br />
Wright, K. (2018, January 15). The misogynist within. The Nation, 10-11.Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-3486784261658394162019-12-05T14:12:00.004-05:002019-12-05T14:12:49.982-05:00Witchcraft as a Coping Skill and act of Self-care // Grace Fowler<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">“We are the
granddaughters of the witches you weren’t able to burn.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-Tish Thawer<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">You’ve probably seen this quote printed on pins and tote
bags all over Pinterest and Instagram. For some women, this is more than a faux
feminist fad. The reality is that women are identifying with the term “witch” more
than ever before. </span><a href="https://www.newsweek.com/witchcraft-wiccans-mysticism-astrology-witches-millennials-pagans-religion-1221019"><span style="background: #f9f9f9; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">1.5
million people</span></a><span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> identified their religious practice as Wiccan,
a huge increase from the 8,000 Wiccans identified in a 1990 survey of religious
practice. Not everyone who identifies with being a witch practices Wicca, but
in general, the focus of witchcraft is on the divine nature of feminine power.
In a time where it can feel dangerous to be a woman (think #MeToo era),
witchcraft serves as a way to empower women and create a sense of community. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Historically, witches have been a symbol of fear, at least
in Western societies. By the 14<sup>th</sup> century, Europeans were accusing
and executing those accused of witchcraft. </span><a href="https://qz.com/535433/witches-are-some-of-the-most-enduring-feminist-icons-of-our-time/"><span style="background: #f9f9f9; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although
men were included in the mix, a disproportionate number of women were targeted</span></a><span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">. Particularly women who held positions of power or
knowledge, like midwives. Seeing as how the human female body is </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/nov/13/the-female-problem-male-bias-in-medical-trials"><span style="background: #f9f9f9; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">still
baffling to doctors and women are often misrepresented in medical research</span></a><span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">, it makes sense why those who had advanced knowledge of
women’s health would be considered supernatural! However, modern
representations of witches have sought to represent a wider swath of women. Shows
like the 1960’s <i>Bewitched</i> that portrayed a witch as a benevolent
character, to today’s <i>American Horror Story, </i>which portrays witches as
complex female characters with a wide range of racial identities and ability
levels, have all contributed to the growing canon around the witchy lifestyle. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">When Supreme Court Justice Brett Kavanaugh was in the
process of being nominated for his current position, </span><a href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/an-entire-generation-is-losing-hope-enter-the-witch/2018/11/13/a939001e-e6c9-11e8-bbdb-72fdbf9d4fed_story.html"><span style="background: #f9f9f9; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">women
around the country joined together to place a spell to prevent his nomination</span></a><span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">. While witchcraft may not have stopped the nomination of
an unsavory character, </span><a href="https://www.glamour.com/story/christine-blasey-ford-death-threats-why-women-dont-report-sexual-assault"><span style="background: #f9f9f9; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">nor
protected the courageous Dr. Christine Blasey Ford</span></a><span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> as she testified against him, it did give a community of
women a sense of action. Witchcraft is like New Age community organizing: it
gets people involved in a way that gives a sense of power back. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Whether the practice of witchcraft involves complex and
meticulous spell casting, tarot card readings, or just owning a few crystals,
it is clear that women are making sense of their political and social reality
through these practices. Drawing on a long tradition of the mystical feminine
power may be an </span><a href="https://qz.com/1739043/the-resurgence-of-the-witch-as-a-symbol-of-feminist-empowerment/"><span style="background: #f9f9f9; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">excellent
coping skill and act of self-care</span></a><span style="background: #f9f9f9; color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"> in the world
where late-stage capitalism has eliminated the possibility of true free time.
Witchcraft may not be for everyone, but it may be just the thing for the
politically minded woman on the go. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />
<div style="text-align: right;">
-by Grace Fowler</div>
Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-89078681983317797532019-11-30T18:49:00.000-05:002019-12-05T14:20:16.172-05:00Cultural Humility in Feminist Spaces // Sandra Yankah<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span lang="EN" style="background: white; color: #222222; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">American lawyer and civil rights advocate </span><span lang="EN" style="color: #383838; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Kimberlé Crenshaw
described intersectionality as “the way multiple oppressions are experienced.”
Identity is complex and includes many visible and invisible dimensions.
Acknowledging the complexities within the identities women embody includes
addressing the importance of intersectionality, and the role it plays in their
lives and experience</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">.
Identity markers (e.g.,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>race, gender
identity, ability status, sexual orientation, and religion) can interact in a
number of complex ways that create unique webs of prejudice, oppression, and
privilege. The saliency of each of these identity markers can also differ
drastically from person to person. Consequently, approaching interactions and
service in a way that is helpful and socially responsible involves important
consideration of these complexities. Particularly, because the approach taken
within any interaction has the propensity to either contribute to oppressive
forces by being dismissive domineering and arrogant or to create space for
individuals to flourish.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Cultural humility is a term coined
within the social work field that acknowledges the influence of both individual
and institutional structures that contribute to and reinforce inequality
(Borne, Cain, & Martin, 2014). This perspective is a departure from the longheld
idea of making assumptions about identity and emphasizes an approach grounded
in humility and curiosity. Within the social justice field, it is a common
misconception that you have to completely understand and identify with an
individual’s experience to be present, validating, and helpful. In many cases,
adopting this perspective can actually be harmful and is indicative of a brand
of activism rooted in discounting the perspective and agency of marginalized
individuals. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Accordingly, approaching interactions
with cultural humility acknowledges the complexity of intersectionality and the
existence of privilege. This approach also asserts the importance of
self-awareness, including an understanding and acknowledgment of how our own
identities, experiences, and beliefs influence the way we perceive and interact
with the world around us. Cultural humility in feminist spaces looks like
asking questions, validating experiences, and creating space for people to
define relevant aspects of their identity and experience. Within activist
spaces, this approach calls on allies to behave like collaborators as opposed
to experts or saviors. Incorporating cultural humility into everyday life
provides a framework for interactions and practices that are culturally
cognizant and just. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">By Sandra Yankah</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fisher-Borne,
M., Cain, J. M., & Martin, S. L. (2015). From mastery to accountability:
Cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competence. Social Work
Education, 34(2), 165-181.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVRPG-RuTmyhmFPR8tq_jtl5rTt2nNuiHpkMmP56TSm63MFXvD0QVUCwgtdw2KfA0ZWMfeHrYErrKES9ms1APirtqivhuVcoZzb5Iys0svVjpXl19mSPiH2o0AyzJ7NCJFkPEYf50tLxgU/s1600/element5-digital-ls8Kc0P9hAA-unsplash.jpg" imageanchor="1" ><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVRPG-RuTmyhmFPR8tq_jtl5rTt2nNuiHpkMmP56TSm63MFXvD0QVUCwgtdw2KfA0ZWMfeHrYErrKES9ms1APirtqivhuVcoZzb5Iys0svVjpXl19mSPiH2o0AyzJ7NCJFkPEYf50tLxgU/s320/element5-digital-ls8Kc0P9hAA-unsplash.jpg" width="320" height="214" data-original-width="1600" data-original-height="1068" /></a>Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-51509403006822754882019-11-07T14:28:00.003-05:002019-11-07T14:39:49.452-05:00Conflicts in Advocacy: The Fab 5 and Trisha Paytas//Kylie Steinhilber<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<h4>
Artwork retrieved from <a href="https://minutehack.com/opinions/the-advocacy-economy-who-needs-experts"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">https://minutehack.com/opinions/the-advocacy-economy-who-needs-experts</span></a></h4>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
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<br />
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As many people may notice, advocacy comes in many forms and
from many folks. People speak to the issues that speak to them, and as some are
noting, the “everyman” or as I prefer to say, the “everyperson”, are becoming
more and more trusted over expert opinion (Anson, 2017). As an avid watcher of
YouTube and consistent consumer of Instagram, I’ve watched people both
“experts” and “laypeople” share their messages of advocacy for issues that
impact their lives or lives of close others. Whether expert on a social justice
topic or not, advocacy can run into conflicts– as humans are fallible – and
mistakes are hard to correct given the stain that social media can leave.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Recently, I’ve noticed two instances in social media where I
believe advocacy has encountered conflict. The first of which is the social
media presence, or lack thereof, by the Fab 5 team from Queer Eye in the wake
of Jonathan Van Ness’s (JVN) public moment of disclosure as a person living
with H.I.V, coping with addiction, and a history of sexual trauma. In this
moment, the other four members of the Fab 5 team, who are allies and friends to
JVN, were remarkably silent on social media – failing to put out a public
message in support of JVN. This is not to say that the Fab 5 team does <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i> support JVN and his advocacy, as I
am sure they do privately. Albeit behind the façade of social media, other
factors may have been present that could have prevented their public support, this
presents a tricky conflict in which allied support of one individual’s
advocacy, such as JVN’s, was noticeably lacking. This leaves the question: When
should celebrities be expected to show public support for those who take on the
role of an advocate and when is private support enough? <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second moment of advocacy in conflict was in the public
disclosure of Trisha Paytas on social media as a female to male transgender
person. Trisha is known in the YouTube community for acting in such a way
that attracts drama, making it hard for fellow YouTubers and fans to accept Trisha’s
identity as told to them. Trisha’s disclosure catalyzed a slew of negative
reactions from those who presumably belong to the same transgender community,
of which Trisha would be a member. While I must not overlook Trisha’s use of
language in the posted video as it tends to minimize and marginalize others in
the transgender community, that is beside the point. The point here is that
advocacy for the rights of one group is complex and comes with a variety of
within-group differences in the ways advocacy should occur and what goals the
community wishes to accomplish. Trisha’s truth, as told, may fly in the face of
others’ truths. This leaves the question: How do communities approach conflicts
in advocacy?<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As with many things in our world, there is no absolute truth
and never any absolute answers. However, these are important questions social
advocates should actively attend to. When placed in a position of power, in
which many people may be influenced by what you say, you must think critically
about what you say or what you choose <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">not</i>
to say. Both are important to the goals of promoting social change and equity
among people.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<br />
<br />
Written by Kylie Steinhilber<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">References:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Anson, R. (2017, February 22). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Advocacy Economy: Who Needs ‘Experts’? </i>Retrieved from https://minutehack.com/opinions/the-advocacy-economy-who-needs-experts<o:p></o:p></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Bhanuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04848565498690430709noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-67980611255472612352019-10-28T13:35:00.001-04:002019-11-02T10:00:41.060-04:00Weight Stigma is a Feminist Issue//Jaclyn A. Seigel<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJLnkebyiueaHzGPOehdg5qIOde0iXRIzbpueyawTSU0BFKRPiyVSxdaZFtcowweG5DDxmVbZG8dkOVougblrwsZdLiNO7lXbNNSLdnRx6qF12xUzi1w_AJajtTC4fXLwp7QWGRz4tKc/s1600/image001+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="1020" data-original-width="1600" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkJLnkebyiueaHzGPOehdg5qIOde0iXRIzbpueyawTSU0BFKRPiyVSxdaZFtcowweG5DDxmVbZG8dkOVougblrwsZdLiNO7lXbNNSLdnRx6qF12xUzi1w_AJajtTC4fXLwp7QWGRz4tKc/s320/image001+%25281%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span id="goog_1604014930"></span><span id="goog_1604014931"></span><br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">The past decade has
seen a renewed interest in feminist media and activism. As a reflection of
feminism’s cultural resurgence, the term itself was named Merriam Webster’s
“Word of the Year” in 2017 (Criss, 2017). In particular, increased attention
has been paid to intersectional feminism, which emphasizes the ways that people
who have multiple marginalized identities are subjected to overlapping forms of
oppression. Yet, one intersection remains woefully overlooked, a form of
prejudice that is rampant, pervasive, and largely considered socially
acceptable: weightism (Calogero, Tylka, & Mensinger, 2016; Puhl &
Brownell, 2001). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Over forty years ago,
Susie Orbach published her sensational book “Fat is a Feminist Issue” (Orbach,
1978). The book achieved worldwide recognition for highlighting many of the
structural issues surrounding women and weight. And yet, in many ways, Orbach’s
book missed the mark (Diamond, 1985; Fikkan & Rothblum, 2012). Fat is certainly
a feminist issue but encouraging individual women to “successfully” suppress
their own weight to avoid the pernicious stigma attributed to higher-weight
individuals is not an effective long-term solution. Rather, the target of
feminist intervention must be the pervasive and systematic repudiation of
people in fat bodies (Fikkan & Rothblum, 2012; Saguy, 2012). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">While feminism is no
longer fundamentally abhorrent to most, the other “F-word” (fat) still evokes
feelings of hatred and disgust (Rothblum, 1994; Fikkan & Rothblum, 2012). Weight
stigma can be defined as “</span><span lang="EN-GB">the social rejection and
devaluation that accrues to those who do not comply with prevailing social
norms of adequate body weight and shape” (Tomiyama et al., 2018). This
prejudice is pervasive: experiences of weight stigma have been reported in nearly
every area of people’s lives, from employment settings to healthcare to
interpersonal relationships (see Puhl & King, 2013). Although experiences
of weight stigma are, by no means, uncommon in men (Himmelstein, Puhl, &
Quinn, 2018), many studies suggest that women report a higher number of
weight-stigmatizing experiences (Roehlig et al., 2007; Spahlholz, Baer, Konig,
Riedel-Heller, & Luck-Sikorski, 2016), and that the consequences of weight
stigma are more severe for women (Fikkan & Rothblum, 2012) compared to men.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Given that weight stigma is detrimental to
women’s happiness and well-being, the systems and structures that maintain and
reproduce it (i.e., the dieting and “wellness” industries; Knoll, 2019) would
seem obvious targets for feminist intervention. Yet, this is not the case. In
fact, some have even attempted to make a feminist case <i>for </i>diet-related behaviours,
given that (temporary) weight loss can purportedly lead to feelings of
confidence and empowerment for individuals (Cairns & Johnston, 2015;
Meltzer, 2013). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Feminist scholars have written extensively
about the emergence of neoliberal and individualized forms of (post)feminism in
the Western world (Budgeon, 2015; Rottenberg, 2014). As Dr. Catherine
Rottenberg explains, “the neoliberal feminist subject is … mobilized to convert
continued gender inequality from a structural problem into an individual
affair” (Rottenberg, 2014, p. 420). Under neoliberal (postfeminism) feminism,
all choices, even those that reinforce deeply entrenched and patriarchal power
structures, can be framed as feminist choices, so long as they are “empowering”
(Banet-Weiser, 2018; Gill, 2007) or boost “confidence” (Gill & Orgad, 2015).
Under postfeminism, taking measures to avoid weight stigma, such as “choosing
health”, extreme fitness, and disordered eating, can be framed as “feminist”
stances (Cairns & Johnston, 2015; Musolino, Warin, Wade, & Gilchrist,
2015; Washington & Economides, 2015).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Dismantling a culture that valorises thin
bodies and villainises fat ones should be a priority for feminists everywhere. Rather
than surveilling our own bodies and praying we do not fall victim to weight
stigmatizing attitudes, feminists must reject diet culture and instead advocate
for a society that is safe and just for people in fat bodies. As long as weight
stigma continues to negatively influence the lives of girls and women, fat is,
indeed, a feminist issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><o:p>Written by Jaclyn A. Seigel</o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). <i>Empowered: Popular feminism and popular
misogyny.</i> Durham: Duke University Press</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Budgeon, S. (2015). Individualized femininity
and feminist politics of choice. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">European
Journal of Women’s Studies, 22, </i>303-318.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cairns, K., & Johnston, J. (2015). Choosing
health: Embodied neoliberalism, postfeminism, and the “do-diet”. <i>Theoretical
Sociology, 44, </i>153-175. doi:10.1007/s11186-015-9242-y<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., & Mensinger,
J. L. (2016). Scientific weightism: A view of mainstream weight stigma research
through a feminist lens. In T.-A. Roberts, N. Curtin, L. E. Duncan, & L. M.
Cortina (Eds.), <i>Feminist perspectives on building a better
psychological science of gender</i> (pp. 9-28). Cham, Switzerland:
Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32141-7_2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Criss, D. (2017,
December 12). Merriam-Webster's word of the year for 2017 is 'feminism'.
Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/12/world/feminism-merriam-webster-year-trnd/index.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Diamond, N. (1985). Thin is the feminist
issue. <i>Feminist Review, 19, </i>45-64. doi:10.1057/fr.1985.4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fikkan, J. L., & Rothblum, E. D.
(2012). Is fat a feminist issue? Exploring the gendered nature of weight bias. <i>Sex
Roles, 66, </i>575-592. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0022-5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gill, R. (2007).
Postfeminist media culture: Elements of a sensibility. <i>European Journal of
Cultural Studies</i>, <i>10</i>, 147–166. doi:10.1177/1367549407075898<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gill, R., & Orgad, S. (2015). The confidence cult(ure).
<i>Australian Feminist Studies, 30</i>, 324-344. doi:10.1080/08164649.2016.1148001<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Himmelstein,
M. S., Puhl, R. M., & Quinn, D. M. (2018). Weight stigma in men: What,
when, and by whom? <i>Obesity, 26, </i>968-976. doi:10.1002/oby.22162<span style="font-family: "times";"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Knoll, J. (2019, June 8). Smash the
wellness industry. <i>The New York Times. </i>Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/08/opinion/sunday/women-dieting-wellness.html<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Meltzer, M. (2013). Does wanting to be thin
make you a slave to the man? Elle. Retrieved from: https://www.elle.com/beauty/health-fitness/advice/a13947/are-diets-the-enemy-of-feminism/<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Musolino, C., Warin,
M., Wade, T., & Gilchrist, P. (2015). ‘Healthy anorexia’: The complexity of
care in disordered eating. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Social Science
and Medicine, 139, </i>18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.06.030</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Orbach, S. (1978). Fat is a feminist issue:
the anti-diet guide to permanent weight loss. New York: Paddington Press<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Puhl, R. M., & Brownell, K. D. (2001).
Bias, discrimination, and obesity. <i>Obesity Research, 9,</i> 788–805. doi:10.1038/oby.2001.108<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Puhl,
R. M., & King, K. M. (2013). Weight discrimination and bullying. <i>Best
Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 27, </i>117-127.
doi:10.1016/j.beem.2012.12.002<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rothblum,
E. D. (1994). "I'll die for the revolution but don't ask me not to
diet": Feminism and the continuing stigmatization of obesity. In P.
Fallon, M. A. Katzman, & S. C. Wooley (Eds.),<i> Feminist perspectives on
eating disorders </i>(pp. 53-76). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rottenberg,
C. (2014). The rise of neoliberal feminism. <i>Cultural Studies, 28, </i>418-437,
doi: 10.1080/09502386.2013.857361<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Saguy,
A. (2012). Why fat is a feminist issue. <i>Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 66</i>(9-10),
600-607. doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0084-4<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-GB">Spahlholz,
J., Baer, N., Konig, H. H., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Luck-Sikorski, C.
(2016). Obesity and discrimination – a systematic review and meta-analysis of
observational studies. <i>Obesity Review, 17, </i>43-55. doi:</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">10.1111/obr.12343<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tomiyama,
A. J., Carr, D., Granberg, E. M., Major, B., Robinson, E., Sutin, A. R. &
Brewis, A. (2018). How and why weight stigma drives the obesity ‘epidemic’ and
harm health. <i>BMC, 123, </i>doi:10.1186/s12916-018-1116-5<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Washington, M. S., & Economides, M. (2015).
Strong is the new sexy: Women, CrossFit, and the postfeminist ideal. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 40,</i>
143-161.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>doi:
10.1177/0193723515615181</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<!--EndFragment--><br />Stephaniehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00800914037563856910noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-79238025048766279912019-05-24T15:29:00.002-04:002019-05-24T15:30:25.479-04:00"You just said to my daughter, you don't matter...//Emma Lathan M.S.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidBTTE4yQCbF1xF6VFAQGRM_uDa4VNcWHFC8tQ-c3zNpK468rcEkC5dalZOK7njMqwL8hVKxvPE6xFCEuYmEsJEZ3Kw7Zcirw4VP1SUopH3RUEwSGw95vkV5i3L1TiaS6_DR0UpsuRR6lW/s1600/Screen+Shot+2019-05-19+at+3.22.15+PM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1378" height="228" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidBTTE4yQCbF1xF6VFAQGRM_uDa4VNcWHFC8tQ-c3zNpK468rcEkC5dalZOK7njMqwL8hVKxvPE6xFCEuYmEsJEZ3Kw7Zcirw4VP1SUopH3RUEwSGw95vkV5i3L1TiaS6_DR0UpsuRR6lW/s320/Screen+Shot+2019-05-19+at+3.22.15+PM.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #101010; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: start;">Photo Credit: Mickey Welsh with the Montgomery Advertiser</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #101010; font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-size: 21.3333px;">"You just said to my daughter, you don't matter</span>, you don't matter in the state of
Alabama." -- Bobby Singleton</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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On 05/14/2019, the Alabama Senate passed a near-total
abortion ban entitled the Alabama Human Life Protection Act (HB 314) with a
25-6 vote. Governor Kay Ivey signed the bill the following day. While this bill
has not yet gone into effect, it is alarmingly close. <o:p></o:p></div>
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But what does this bill actually mean? In sum, HB 314 would
“make abortion and attempted abortion felony offenses except in cases where
abortion is necessary in order to prevent a serious health risk to the unborn
child’s mother.” This bill would make it a felony for doctors to perform or
attempt to perform an abortion, but the woman who receives the abortion would
not be held criminally culpable. A performed abortion without serious health
risk is a Class A felony (i.e., murder, rape, child sex abuse, kidnapping),
punishable by 10 years to life. An attempted abortion is a Class C felony
(i.e., criminally negligent homicide, stalking), punishable by 1 year 1 day to
10 years.<o:p></o:p></div>
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A serious health condition, or one “that so complicates her
medical condition that it necessitates the termination of her pregnancy to
avert her death or to avert serious risk of substantial physical impairment of
a major bodily function” (HB 314) precludes criminal punishment of doctor. If
serious health risk is determined by physician A, a second physician, physician
B, must confirm physician A’s decision in writing unless there is a medical
emergency. Physician B must confirm within 180 days of the abortion. Mental
illness is only included if a second physician (licensed psychiatrist in the
state of Alabama) documents serious mental illness and determines that there is
reasonable medical judgement that she will engage in conduct that could result
in her or the unborn child’s death.<o:p></o:p></div>
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For many women, victim advocates, and supporters of women’s
rights, one of the most disturbing parts of this act is that it contains no
exceptions for victims of rape or incest.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>To the 25 men who would pass the bill, AL State Senator Vivian Figures
stated, “Y<span style="background: #fefefe; color: #262626;">ou don't have to raise that
child, you don't have to carry that child, you don't have to provide for that
child, you don't have to do anything for that child… But yet you want to make
that decision for that woman…” Moreover, AL State Senator Linda Coleman-Madison
stated that white Republican men voting on this issue of women’s rights and
reproductive health was comparable to “a dentist making a decision about a
heart surgery.”</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Many are arguing this act was designed and passed in
ignorance and without consideration for women’s rights. If lawmakers were so
concerned about human life protection, they would also outlaw invitro
fertilization, which involves fertilizing multiple embryos and using only those
with highest probability of implantation. However, Republican Senator Clyde
Chambliss states “The egg in the lab doesn’t apply. It’s not in a woman.” Some
think there is something more than “human life protection” that influenced this
bill…<o:p></o:p></div>
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According to CNN, the American Civil Rights Union, national
ACLU, Planned Parenthood, and Planned Parenthood of Southeast plan to challenge
the bill within the upcoming weeks. Nonetheless, the act seeks to become
effective six months from governor approval. <o:p></o:p></div>
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Written by: Emma Lathan, M.S.</div>
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<br />Kanthi Rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14711280804294422491noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-74657789552329903732019-05-17T17:14:00.001-04:002019-05-17T17:23:33.462-04:00CALL for SPW (APA Division 35) Campus Representative Applicants<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 16.8667px; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7zJ-QBURAzcTxB9VhzPgaC37gz2-ckSLkmpZq-2h2cLuKMd_t5NC4Rxh8G5hkzP6Fi6iudbEahttq6eESCZUsXX0KjAzNOa-o1K2xsZrBnCa61-Arm5w5UIeSMTD2GyZt4xDLekkMmKd/s1600/SPW.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="61" data-original-width="170" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC7zJ-QBURAzcTxB9VhzPgaC37gz2-ckSLkmpZq-2h2cLuKMd_t5NC4Rxh8G5hkzP6Fi6iudbEahttq6eESCZUsXX0KjAzNOa-o1K2xsZrBnCa61-Arm5w5UIeSMTD2GyZt4xDLekkMmKd/s200/SPW.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">Among universities and colleges across the country, SPW Campus Representatives promote feminist scholarship, research, activism and practice; give a face to Division 35 among students; and encourage awareness about diversity and social intersections as they affect women’s lives. Campus Representatives are supported by their fellow Representatives and the Student Representative as they create and organize programming that highlights feminist thought in psychology on their campus. </span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">Campus Representative duties,</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"> to be accomplished over the 2019-2020 academic year (August 1, 2019-July 31, 2020, include:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">1) Create and execute at least 2 SPW-related events</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">2) Write a minimum of 2 FemPop blog posts</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">Both graduate and undergraduate students are welcome to apply!</span></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">--</span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">APPLICATIONS DUE BY FRIDAY, JULY 5, 2019.</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"> Please find link to the application and information below:</span><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.8px;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="background: yellow; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.8px;">Link to Application: </span></b><span lang="EN" style="background: yellow; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.8px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=https://forms.gle/omYEeVDfhghstMfs8&source=gmail&ust=1558213041435000&usg=AFQjCNHwBQDR6Ic43fleaMchyioyps16xA" href="https://forms.gle/omYEeVDfhghstMfs8" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">https://forms.gle/<wbr></wbr>omYEeVDfhghstMfs8</a></span><span lang="EN" style="background: yellow; color: #222222; font-size: 9pt; line-height: 13.8px;"></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">Current Campus Representatives</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">: </span><u><span lang="EN" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.apadivisions.org/division-35/leadership/campus-representatives/index.aspx&source=gmail&ust=1558213041435000&usg=AFQjCNF5KXdeJNjWAwoufPGKAY_b_BG6Og" href="http://www.apadivisions.org/division-35/leadership/campus-representatives/index.aspx" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://www.apadivisions.org/<wbr></wbr>division-35/leadership/campus-<wbr></wbr>representatives/index.aspx</a></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.apadivisions.org/division-35/leadership/campus-representatives/index.aspx&source=gmail&ust=1558213041435000&usg=AFQjCNF5KXdeJNjWAwoufPGKAY_b_BG6Og" href="http://www.apadivisions.org/division-35/leadership/campus-representatives/index.aspx" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"></a></span><u><span lang="EN" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"></span></u></div>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">FemPop Blog:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"> </span><u><span lang="EN" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://fempopculture.blogspot.com/&source=gmail&ust=1558213041435000&usg=AFQjCNEtRXrBuvTCmPzqYpyJfv0DQ2-Oqg" href="http://fempopculture.blogspot.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">http://fempopculture.blogspot.<wbr></wbr>com/</a></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://fempopculture.blogspot.com/&source=gmail&ust=1558213041435000&usg=AFQjCNEtRXrBuvTCmPzqYpyJfv0DQ2-Oqg" href="http://fempopculture.blogspot.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank"></a></span><u><span lang="EN" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;"></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN" style="color: #222222; font-size: 9.5pt; line-height: 14.5667px;">Please email the Division 35 Student Representative, Keiko McCullough (<a href="mailto:kmmccull@indiana.edu" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">kmmccull@indiana.edu</a>) with any questions</span></div>
Kanthi Rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14711280804294422491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-22857856411211418442019-05-10T16:19:00.001-04:002019-05-10T16:19:26.090-04:00Desire-Based Research: Reimagining the Future//Cathryn Richmond, M.A.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSuI2i1RQowcIG7mTlftgCe7a_ThWPk_L6xK-QgvcPQNCAaXduYqIRp3-m93ys0cPp65h3myakuctAQA3NOlRWZRIRGwm0T147lzJss2uQ9TEvEJEtwaQDguXHRltpfvh2G0mvk2yE9HW/s1600/Cathryn+Richmond.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="850" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSuI2i1RQowcIG7mTlftgCe7a_ThWPk_L6xK-QgvcPQNCAaXduYqIRp3-m93ys0cPp65h3myakuctAQA3NOlRWZRIRGwm0T147lzJss2uQ9TEvEJEtwaQDguXHRltpfvh2G0mvk2yE9HW/s320/Cathryn+Richmond.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-align: start; text-indent: 0in;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Picture citation: https://izquotes.com/quote/audre-lorde/our-visions-begin-with-our-desires-114740</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Native
feminist theorists have reframed the concept of futurity to allow a new
conceptualization of the future of sovereignty </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1353/ff.2013.0006","ISBN":"21517363","ISSN":"2151-7371","PMID":"1404742330","abstract":"The
article explores two intertwined ideas: that the United States is a settler
colonial nation-state and that settler colonialism has been and continues to be
a gendered process. The article engages Native feminist theories to excavate
the deep connections between settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy,
highlighting five central challenges that Native feminist theories pose to
gender and women’s studies. From problema- tizing settler colonialism and its
intersections to questioning academic participation in Indigenous
dispossession, responding to these challenges requires a significant departure
from how gender and women’s studies is regularly understood and taught. Too
often, the consideration of Indigenous peoples remains rooted in understanding
colonialism as an historical point in time away from which our society has
progressed. Centering settler colonialism within gender and women’s studies
instead exposes the still-existing structure of settler colonialism and its powerful
effects on Indigenous peoples and settlers. Taking as its audience
practitioners of both “whitestream” and other feminisms and writing in
conversation with a long history of Native feminist theorizing, the article
offers critical suggestions for the meaningful engagement of Native feminisms.
Overall, it aims to persuade readers that attending to the links between
heteropatriarchy and settler colonialism is intellectually and politically
imperative for all peoples living within settler colonial contexts.
Keywords:","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arvin","given":"Maile","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuck","given":"Eve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morrill","given":"Angie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Feminist
Formations","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"8-34","title":"Decolonizing
feminism: Challenging connections between settler colonialism and
heteropatriarchy","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f2229b2d-8d01-4fac-bd10-5d928349963f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Arvin,
Tuck, & Morrill,
2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Arvin, Tuck, &
Morrill, 2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Arvin,
Tuck, & Morrill,
2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Arvin, Tuck, & Morrill, 2013)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. As such, this is a
critical move toward decolonization and establishing a more equitable and
community-focused society in which differences are embraced. For example, many
queer theorists suggest that children are utilized to reproduce social norms,
such that children viewed as embodying any degree of deviance are not deemed
worthy of having a future </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:
10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/1464700110376281","ISSN":"1464-7001","abstract":"Departing
from the theoretical position that childhood is a construction of identity,
this article examines queer theory about childhood, arguing that definitions of
‘queer theory’ and of ‘childhood’ affect each other specifically in complex
ways. In relation to this, it is argued that even where ‘queer theory’ defines
itself as the dismantling of foundational categories, childhood often escapes
this dismantling inadvertently and unintentionally. The reasons for, and
implications of, this are explored.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Lesnik-Oberstein","given":"Karín","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Feminist
Theory","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"page":"309-321","title":"Childhood,
queer theory, and
feminism","type":"article-journal","volume":"11"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6ea9b340-ab8c-4948-b881-c0c223394935"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Lesnik-Oberstein,
2010)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Lesnik-Oberstein,
2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Lesnik-Oberstein,
2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Lesnik-Oberstein, 2010)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Many theorists suggest
that queer or deviant individuals are contributing to the perpetuation of the
existing social order by reproducing bodies and thus society such that every
vision of the future is heteronormative </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/j.ctt13x0cd3.12","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dean","given":"Time","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"chapter-number":"8","container-title":"A
Time for the Humanities: Futurity and the Limits of
Autonomy","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ziarek","given":"E.
P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"122-140","title":"An
impossible embrace: Queerness, futurity, and the death
drive","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=31b1d445-c5ad-463d-ae48-bb7a1f6dc46e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Dean, 2009; Grzanka & Mann, 2014 )</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">However, “an indigenous critique
must question the value of ‘no future’ in the context of genocide, where Native
peoples have already been determined by settler colonialism to have no future” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1215/10642684-2009-012","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Smith","given":"Andrea
Lee","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"GLQ:
A Journal of Lesbian and Gay
Studies","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1-2","issued":{"date-parts":[["2010"]]},"title":"Sexuality,
nationality,
indigeneity","type":"article-journal","volume":"16"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=6171b510-af01-413e-86e5-93b33d1c48ab"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Smith,
2010)","manualFormatting":"(Smith, 2010, p.
48)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Smith,
2010)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Smith,
2010)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Smith, 2010, p. 48)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. Furthermore, Triple
Quandary Theory would suggest that by navigating the black cultural reality,
one is inherently questioning the “no future” narrative granted by the minority
reality in which one is viewed as underground, outcast surplus and thus not
worthy of value (Collard & Dempsey, 2017). In other words, given the ways
in which the privilege of having children has historically been denied to those
lower in the social order, investing in “no future” is not only impossible for
such individuals but would further perpetuate the way in which colonization
perpetuates inequity, particularly with regard to whiteness </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1353/ff.2013.0006","ISBN":"21517363","ISSN":"2151-7371","PMID":"1404742330","abstract":"The
article explores two intertwined ideas: that the United States is a settler
colonial nation-state and that settler colonialism has been and continues to be
a gendered process. The article engages Native feminist theories to excavate
the deep connections between settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy,
highlighting five central challenges that Native feminist theories pose to
gender and women’s studies. From problema- tizing settler colonialism and its
intersections to questioning academic participation in Indigenous
dispossession, responding to these challenges requires a significant departure
from how gender and women’s studies is regularly understood and taught. Too
often, the consideration of Indigenous peoples remains rooted in understanding
colonialism as an historical point in time away from which our society has
progressed. Centering settler colonialism within gender and women’s studies
instead exposes the still-existing structure of settler colonialism and its
powerful effects on Indigenous peoples and settlers. Taking as its audience
practitioners of both “whitestream” and other feminisms and writing in
conversation with a long history of Native feminist theorizing, the article
offers critical suggestions for the meaningful engagement of Native feminisms.
Overall, it aims to persuade readers that attending to the links between
heteropatriarchy and settler colonialism is intellectually and politically imperative
for all peoples living within settler colonial contexts.
Keywords:","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arvin","given":"Maile","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuck","given":"Eve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morrill","given":"Angie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Feminist
Formations","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"8-34","title":"Decolonizing
feminism: Challenging connections between settler colonialism and
heteropatriarchy","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f2229b2d-8d01-4fac-bd10-5d928349963f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Arvin
et al., 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Arvin et al.,
2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Arvin et al.,
2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Arvin et al., 2013)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">…and (ambiguous) existence
is resistance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Thus, queer and
indigenous theorists reconceptualize futurity in minority populations “as
oriented as much toward an underdetermined future as toward an always already
determined past” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Time for the Humanities: Futurity and the Limits of
Autonomy","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ziarek","given":"E.
P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"122-140","title":"An
impossible embrace: Queerness, futurity, and the death
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2009)","manualFormatting":"(Dean, 2009, p.
123)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Dean, 2009, p. 123)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">How might society become
decolonized and what is the utility of reconceptualizing futurity? Queer
theorists emphasize the concept of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">becoming,
</i>which offers an anti-essentialist theory of futurity by describing the ways
in which change occurs and life emerges outside of reproduction: “<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Becoming</i> entails not
reproduction—reproducing in the future a version of what exists in the
present—but what might be called nonreproductive, nonapocalyptic invention” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Time for the Humanities: Futurity and the Limits of
Autonomy","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ziarek","given":"E.
P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"122-140","title":"An
impossible embrace: Queerness, futurity, and the death
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2009)","manualFormatting":"(Dean, 2009, p.
135)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Dean, 2009, p. 135)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Similar to the concept of cultural competence
in which competency is viewed as a continuous process in which the final status
of being “culturally competent” can never truly be achieved </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1177/10459602013003003","ISBN":"0974158224","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Campinha-Bacote","given":"Josephina","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issue":"3","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"181-184","title":"The
process of cultural competence in the delivery of healthcare services: The
journey
continues","type":"article-journal","volume":"13"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=4df15f72-399c-4ed9-a428-c931561172e9"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Campinha-Bacote,
2007)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Campinha-Bacote,
2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Campinha-Bacote,
2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Campinha-Bacote, 2007)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">becoming</i> is conceptualized as “a ceaseless movement of being that
is not coordinated by teleology or development, [which] never results in
anything resembling an identity” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.2307/j.ctt13x0cd3.12","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Dean","given":"Time","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"chapter-number":"8","container-title":"A
Time for the Humanities: Futurity and the Limits of
Autonomy","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Ziarek","given":"E.
P","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2009"]]},"page":"122-140","title":"An
impossible embrace: Queerness, futurity, and the death
drive","type":"article-journal"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=31b1d445-c5ad-463d-ae48-bb7a1f6dc46e"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)","manualFormatting":"(Dean, 2009, p. 135)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Dean,
2009)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Dean, 2009, p. 135)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">As such, theorists have suggested
the utility of desire-based approaches to explore the way in which <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">becoming</i> influences futurity. The key
way in which desire-based research is differentiated from traditional
approaches lies in the way in which desire is conceptualized to involve the
feeling of longing, which inherently involves both the past and the future </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1353/ff.2013.0006","ISBN":"21517363","ISSN":"2151-7371","PMID":"1404742330","abstract":"The
article explores two intertwined ideas: that the United States is a settler
colonial nation-state and that settler colonialism has been and continues to be
a gendered process. The article engages Native feminist theories to excavate
the deep connections between settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy,
highlighting five central challenges that Native feminist theories pose to
gender and women’s studies. From problema- tizing settler colonialism and its
intersections to questioning academic participation in Indigenous
dispossession, responding to these challenges requires a significant departure
from how gender and women’s studies is regularly understood and taught. Too
often, the consideration of Indigenous peoples remains rooted in understanding
colonialism as an historical point in time away from which our society has
progressed. Centering settler colonialism within gender and women’s studies
instead exposes the still-existing structure of settler colonialism and its
powerful effects on Indigenous peoples and settlers. Taking as its audience
practitioners of both “whitestream” and other feminisms and writing in
conversation with a long history of Native feminist theorizing, the article
offers critical suggestions for the meaningful engagement of Native feminisms.
Overall, it aims to persuade readers that attending to the links between
heteropatriarchy and settler colonialism is intellectually and politically
imperative for all peoples living within settler colonial contexts.
Keywords:","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Arvin","given":"Maile","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Tuck","given":"Eve","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Morrill","given":"Angie","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Feminist
Formations","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2013"]]},"page":"8-34","title":"Decolonizing
feminism: Challenging connections between settler colonialism and
heteropatriarchy","type":"article-journal","volume":"25"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=f2229b2d-8d01-4fac-bd10-5d928349963f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Arvin
et al., 2013)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Arvin et al.,
2013)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Arvin et al.,
2013)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Arvin et al., 2013)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. In other words, desire
for something involves thoughts of “not yet” or “not anymore,” conveying a past
that is inextricably tied with the future, desire embodied in history.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Not only is the concept of
needing to “imagine future history in a way that is not restrained by our own
lifetimes” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781608465651","abstract":"In
these newly collected essays, interviews, and speeches, world-renowned activist
and scholar Angela Y. Davis illuminates the connections between struggles against
state violence and oppression throughout history and around the world.
Reflecting on the importance of black feminism, intersectionality, and prison
abolitionism for today's struggles, Davis discusses the legacies of previous
liberation struggles, from the Black Freedom Movement to the South African
anti-Apartheid movement. She highlights connections and analyzes today's
struggles against state terror, from Ferguson to Palestine. Facing a world of
outrageous injustice, Davis challenges us to imagine and build the movement for
human liberation. And in doing so, she reminds us that \"Freedom is a
constant struggle.\" Progressive struggles against insidious capitalist
individualism -- Ferguson reminds us of the importance of a global context --
We have to talk about systematic change -- On Palestine, G4S, and the
prison-industrial complex -- Closures and continuities -- From Michael Brown to
Assata Shakur, the racist state of America persists -- The Truth Telling
Project: violence in America -- Feminism and abolition: theories and practices
for the twenty-first century -- Political activism and protest from the 1960s
to the age of Obama -- Transnational
solidarities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davis","given":"Angela
Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"number-of-pages":"180","publisher":"Haymarket
Books","publisher-place":"Chicago","title":"Freedom
is a constant struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the foundations of a
movement","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c2dd2a60-88ad-4c7d-805c-9f8f4936a575"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)","manualFormatting":"(Davis, 2016, p.
116)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Davis, 2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Davis, 2016, p. 116)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> critical in itself, but
it evokes a new conceptualization of future and history as inextricably
intertwined in the use of the term “future history.” A collective vision of the
future </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:
"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781608465651","abstract":"In
these newly collected essays, interviews, and speeches, world-renowned activist
and scholar Angela Y. Davis illuminates the connections between struggles
against state violence and oppression throughout history and around the world.
Reflecting on the importance of black feminism, intersectionality, and prison
abolitionism for today's struggles, Davis discusses the legacies of previous
liberation struggles, from the Black Freedom Movement to the South African
anti-Apartheid movement. She highlights connections and analyzes today's
struggles against state terror, from Ferguson to Palestine. Facing a world of
outrageous injustice, Davis challenges us to imagine and build the movement for
human liberation. And in doing so, she reminds us that \"Freedom is a
constant struggle.\" Progressive struggles against insidious capitalist
individualism -- Ferguson reminds us of the importance of a global context --
We have to talk about systematic change -- On Palestine, G4S, and the
prison-industrial complex -- Closures and continuities -- From Michael Brown to
Assata Shakur, the racist state of America persists -- The Truth Telling
Project: violence in America -- Feminism and abolition: theories and practices
for the twenty-first century -- Political activism and protest from the 1960s
to the age of Obama -- Transnational
solidarities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davis","given":"Angela
Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"number-of-pages":"180","publisher":"Haymarket
Books","publisher-place":"Chicago","title":"Freedom
is a constant struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the foundations of a
movement","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c2dd2a60-88ad-4c7d-805c-9f8f4936a575"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Davis, 2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Davis, 2016)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"> that does not perpetuate
violence is critical given the way in which having and being able to envision
one’s future is a privilege currently afforded only to those that embody and
enforce social norms. For example, “one of the major examples of the violence
of racism consists of the rearing of generations of Black people who have not
learned how to imagine the future – who are not now in possession of the
education and the imagination that allows them to envision the future. This is
violence that leads to other forms of violence” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"ISBN":"9781608465651","abstract":"In
these newly collected essays, interviews, and speeches, world-renowned activist
and scholar Angela Y. Davis illuminates the connections between struggles
against state violence and oppression throughout history and around the world.
Reflecting on the importance of black feminism, intersectionality, and prison
abolitionism for today's struggles, Davis discusses the legacies of previous
liberation struggles, from the Black Freedom Movement to the South African
anti-Apartheid movement. She highlights connections and analyzes today's
struggles against state terror, from Ferguson to Palestine. Facing a world of
outrageous injustice, Davis challenges us to imagine and build the movement for
human liberation. And in doing so, she reminds us that \"Freedom is a
constant struggle.\" Progressive struggles against insidious capitalist
individualism -- Ferguson reminds us of the importance of a global context --
We have to talk about systematic change -- On Palestine, G4S, and the
prison-industrial complex -- Closures and continuities -- From Michael Brown to
Assata Shakur, the racist state of America persists -- The Truth Telling
Project: violence in America -- Feminism and abolition: theories and practices
for the twenty-first century -- Political activism and protest from the 1960s
to the age of Obama -- Transnational solidarities.","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Davis","given":"Angela
Y.","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2016"]]},"number-of-pages":"180","publisher":"Haymarket
Books","publisher-place":"Chicago","title":"Freedom
is a constant struggle: Ferguson, Palestine, and the foundations of a
movement","type":"book"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=c2dd2a60-88ad-4c7d-805c-9f8f4936a575"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)","manualFormatting":"(Davis, 2016, p.
89)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Davis,
2016)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Davis, 2016, p. 89)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#1C1B1A'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color: #1c1b1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">: violence that is
required for colonization.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The utilization of a desire-based approach
reframing futurity would allow for exploration of the ways in which
individuals’ vision of the future is reflective of both an acknowledgment of
the historical influences of colonization as well as a hope for decolonized
possibilities. An integral part of the acknowledgment of colonized history
relates to the way in which institutional barriers influence futurity via the
ability to individually overcome structural limitations. As stated by Berlant
(2007), “The structural position of subaltern lives intensifies this
foreshortening. Under a regime of crisis ordinariness, life feels
truncated—more like doggy paddling than swimming out to the magnificent
horizon” (p. 779). For example, the proliferation of the prison-industrial
complex dramatically alters and often limits the way in which parents of color
and other marginalized identities are able to be parents, particularly in
predominately black and brown urban areas with histories of white supremacy and
classism. As stated by Audre Lorde, “You fear your children will grow up to
join the patriarchy and testify against you, we fear our children will be
dragged from a car and shot down in the street, and you will turn your backs
upon the reasons they are dying” (Lorde, 1990, p. 119). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Thus, envisioning of a future that takes place
in an equitable society in which happiness is truly obtainable for all suggests
a future history in which inequity was eliminated, an outcome only possible via
acknowledgement and understanding of the history of colonization and thus the
potential for a decolonized future.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;"> </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; text-indent: 0.5in;">Desires
reflective of experiences as a colonized surplus subject are indicative of the
requirements of colonization in which capitalism conveys happiness through
material and capital, and success within institutions such as education is a
mandatory requirement for the possibility of eventually obtaining such
happiness. Such possibility is generally only afforded to those already in
power, but these limitations do not inherently limit such potential in the
future if one is able to imagine a more decolonized, equitable future society.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">For instance, colonization restricts the
futures of populations deemed surplus, as bodies are seen only as capital for
the use of creating more capital but are not seen as not worthy of obtaining or
utilizing the capital they themselves make, thus dramatically reducing their
likelihood of surviving and thus having a future. In other words, futurity is
intertwined in “the activity of doing what’s necessary to lubricate the body’s
movement through capitalized time’s shortened circuit—not only speed-up at work
but <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">the contexts where making a life
involves getting through the day, the week, and the month</i>. Time organized
by the near future of the paying of bills and the management of children
coexists with the feeling of well-being a meal can provide” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
{"citationItems":[{"id":"ITEM-1","itemData":{"DOI":"10.1086/521568","ISBN":"0093-1896","ISSN":"0093-1896","abstract":"On
the Case<break></break>Edited by Lauren
Berlant","author":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Berlant","given":"Lauren","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"container-title":"Critical
Inquiry","id":"ITEM-1","issue":"4","issued":{"date-parts":[["2007"]]},"page":"754-780","title":"Slow
death (sovereignty, obesity, lateral
agency)","type":"article-journal","volume":"33"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=7436b23a-2619-4451-bbff-5ff246ce587f"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Berlant,
2007)","manualFormatting":"(Berlant, 2007, p. 778, emphasis
added)","plainTextFormattedCitation":"(Berlant, 2007)","previouslyFormattedCitation":"(Berlant,
2007)"},"properties":{"noteIndex":0},"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"}<span
style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Berlant, 2007, p. 778, emphasis added)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. As such, the conceptualization of a future which is not
defined by time is a future that only the most privileged can access in the
current colonized capitalist context. Thus, by envisioning a future that
extends beyond one’s present and historical restrictions, one is instilling
hope for a more equitable future which it itself an act of resistance that can
be taken up in the overall project of decolonization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">In addition, the ability to acknowledge history
while reimagining the future allows for more broad and idealistic desires for
the future. This tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity can be beneficial in
contexts in which one is struggling with seemingly opposing goals and
possibilities as a result of colonization and the resulting pressure that falls
upon them. This pressure is evident in many narratives of historically silenced
voices by way of discourse related to individual freedom and personal
responsibility as a result of colonization and the current capitalist context. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">As stated by Dean Spade, “as disciplinary norms
become internalized, more directly coercive or violent means of social control
are replaced by self-regulation, so that ‘soft’ control replaces direct
violence” </span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span style='mso-element:field-begin;
mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN CSL_CITATION
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Oxford Handbook of Feminist
Theory","editor":[{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Disch","given":"Lisa","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""},{"dropping-particle":"","family":"Hawkesworth","given":"Mary","non-dropping-particle":"","parse-names":false,"suffix":""}],"id":"ITEM-1","issued":{"date-parts":[["2015"]]},"page":"1-15","publisher":"Oxford
University Press","title":"Norms and
normalization","type":"chapter"},"uris":["http://www.mendeley.com/documents/?uuid=8ea1f381-f2aa-4a6d-a064-9d0e8587e9ce"]}],"mendeley":{"formattedCitation":"(Spade
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style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">(Spade & Willse, 2015, p. 3)</span></span><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span style='mso-element:
field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">. In other words, the internalization of these disciplinary
norms in the rhetoric of “personal responsibility” and “individual freedom” does
not negate the fact that it is a form of state-violence that is a direct result
of colonization and the history of genocide upon which our country is founded. Societies
themselves should be responsible for ensuring equitable access to resources
that would inherently protect the individuals within them, rather than
restricting individuals’ possibilities and subsequently punishing them for
using those that are left. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Taken together, envisioning the future
simultaneously <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as it is </i>and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">as it could have </i>been have seemingly infinite
potential for desire-based research examining futurity<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>as desires can be reflective of both living as a colonized surplus
subject and the future possibility of living as a decolonized collective
individual. While these conceptualizations are not superficially dissimilar
with regard to living as a historically marginalized body in a society <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">founded</i> in inequity, living as a decolonized collective individual is antithetical in that rather than this
history being <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">negated</i> and
perpetuating <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">inequity</i>, it is instead <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">acknowledged</i> and at the forefront of
promoting <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">equity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Written by Cathryn
Richmond, MA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">References</span></div>
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style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span style='mso-element:
field-begin;mso-field-lock:yes'></span>ADDIN Mendeley Bibliography
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Collard, R. C., & Dempsey, J. (2017). Capitalist natures
in five orientations. <i>Capitalism, Nature, Socialism</i>, <i>28</i>(1),
78–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2016.1202294<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Davis, A. Y. (2016). <i>Freedom is a constant struggle:
Ferguson, Palestine, and the foundations of a movement</i>. Chicago: Haymarket
Books. Retrieved from https://www.haymarketbooks.org<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Dean, T. (2009). An impossible embrace: Queerness, futurity,
and the death drive. <i>A Time for the Humanities: Futurity and the Limits of
Autonomy</i>, 122–140. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt13x0cd3.12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Grzanka, P. R., & Mann, E. S. (2014). Queer youth suicide
and the psychopolitics of “It Gets Better.” <i>Sexualities</i>, <i>17</i>(4),
369–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460713516785<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Lesnik-Oberstein, K. (2010). Childhood, queer theory, and
feminism. <i>Feminist Theory</i>, <i>11</i>(3), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700110376281<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Smith, A. L. (2010). Sexuality, nationality, indigeneity. <i>GLQ:
A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies</i>, <i>16</i>(1–2).
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<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;">Spade, D., & Willse, C. (2015). Norms and normalization.
In L. Disch & M. Hawkesworth (Eds.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Feminist
Theory</i> (pp. 1–15). Oxford University Press.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.29<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Kanthi Rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14711280804294422491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-45833078000015315042019-05-03T15:20:00.002-04:002019-05-03T15:20:34.885-04:00Uncomfortable Discourse: Addressing Incidents of Sexism and Sexual Harassment Toward Female Students in Psychology Training Programs//Aimee M. Poleski, M.A.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNHr87vSG6tSlTAAu96_SclP24_KwSw5XeuoVxF96KJh3IHw3Q0ldNKCUNaPD_JCWGHxz8SG1YvNOi0MV4yark50I1lCH02-z7LFICED-z3T6WwjJfcyDKEgg9SXcM0r4vBfTLYdSlTzRU/s1600/Clinical+training+blog+photo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="617" data-original-width="1097" height="179" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNHr87vSG6tSlTAAu96_SclP24_KwSw5XeuoVxF96KJh3IHw3Q0ldNKCUNaPD_JCWGHxz8SG1YvNOi0MV4yark50I1lCH02-z7LFICED-z3T6WwjJfcyDKEgg9SXcM0r4vBfTLYdSlTzRU/s320/Clinical+training+blog+photo.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">https://www.thequint.com/news/india/15-year-old-commits-suicide-family-alleges-harassment-by-teachers</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Clinical training in psychology doctoral
programs often provides a platform for leadership, professionalism, and best
practice that is modeled through supervision provided by licensed psychologists.
I myself reflect fondly on the supervisors who have provided valuable mentorship
and teaching moments throughout my own training. In many ways, those
relationships have inspired some of my broader career goals, as well as my
desire to supervise others. However, not all supervisor-trainee relationships
are ideal. Harmful supervision does exist despite dialogue regarding the topic
being largely absent from the field. Consequently, students are often
ill-prepared to face incidents of sexism and sexual harassment that occur
during clinical training.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">In previous training, I
was approached in an inappropriate manner by a former supervisor. Since then, I
have often evaded consideration of his intentions or, more specifically, how he
planned to use the weapon he positioned so uncomfortably close to me. Be it just
barely less proximate to my body than the weapon, I recall his quiet presence
to have somehow yielded more intensity. In fact, it was his silence that
alerted me to the danger. <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">During that precarious encounter
I should have been powerless. In theory, I was. Yet I was able to effectively
remove myself from the situation, and I chose not to return to the site. Those
choices were my own. No one prepared me for such an event, nor did I receive
guidance in reaching my decision not to return, outside of consultation I
sought within my personal sphere.</span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A
clinical supervisor has significant control over students’ career outcomes
(Ellis, et al., 2014). As such, the supervisor-trainee relationship is a
vulnerable one. At the time of my experience, I knew I was at a disadvantage in
terms of power and control. The supervisor’s intentions may have been unclear, but
his behavior was an obvious exploitation of the power imbalance within our
relationship. In contrast to effective mentorship, harmful supervision consistently
abuses that power imbalance through behaviors that are deriding, demeaning,
embarrassing, or highly critical (Ellis, et al., 2014). In more extreme cases,
harmful supervision can include sexism, sexual harassment, or even sexual
assault. Female psychology students are not immune to these experiences, even when
training in a field that exists as a body of support for advocacy as it relates
to various social justice issues, such as that of the #METOO movement. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sexual harassment was previously defined
as <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">any
unwelcome sexual conduct</i></b>, including any behavior or request that is
sexual in nature (Chu & Lewis, 2019). However, the definition more recently
narrowed when Education Secretary Betsy Devos suggested the definition include <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">only</i></b>
conduct that is <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">severe and pervasive</i></b>. Therefore, single occurrences and harmful
behaviors not considered severe enough to qualify as sexual harassment are
discounted. Subjective perception becomes less valid through this definition,
as ambiguous behaviors and the trainee’s personal experience can be more easily
discredited overall. I imagine how impactful this definition would be if I had previously
chosen to come forward. The intentions in that case were not clear, the
behavior occurred once and was difficult to define, and the outcome was absent
of significant trauma. Sadly, Devos’ suggested definition appears to be of
utility only for women who are repeatedly victimized and also experience
recurrent negative implications. Ergo, the aggressor gains greater power, while
the trainee is left more vulnerable. Despite this, students must understand
that any form of gender-based discrimination or sexual harassment is worthy of
responding to through garnering support and taking action.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Students should have a preliminary
understanding of available options following an incident, as well as the responsibilities
of the program. Title IX, a federal law introduced in 1972 (ACLU, 2019), prohibits
any form of sex based discrimination in educational and training programs (Chu
& Lewis, 2019). Any clinical training program that receives federal funding
is bound by Title IX regulations and at times Title VII, which specifically
addressed gender-based discrimination in the workplace (EEOC, 2019). The
intended effect of these laws, though, is not consistently reflected in
outcomes. This is particularly true for Title IX, as many students have seen
unsuccessful resolution of Title IX violations and felt unsupported after
filing a complaint (Everding, Grinvalds, Larkins, Larsen, & Rembert, 2019).
As I explored this topic and reflected on my own experience, I had the pleasure
of connecting with a psychologist who made similar observations throughout her
career. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">The
need for training programs to effectively address and resolve sexual harassment
and sexism became evident to Dr. Penny Asay, a board certified counseling psychologist,
throughout over ten years of supervising clinical psychology doctoral students.
Over time, she was informed of various incidents of gender based discrimination
that quite commonly included sexual harassment. Many incidents, she reported,
occurred in supervisory relationships and saw less than satisfactory resolution<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">s. </i>Asay observed that as a field we are
often prepared to address the implications of sexism and sexual harassment yet
rarely do we look internally to identify and resolve such issues. Thus, she and
fellow researchers Torrey Wilson, Ph.D. and Mary Clarke, Ph.D. sought to answer
questions that are absent from the discourse among psychologists and trainees. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Preliminary
results of the researchers’ national study exploring current and former
psychology doctoral students’ personal encounters with sexual harassment and
sexism during various stages of clinical training revealed several distressing
patterns. Not only did many women report experiencing sexual harassment during
training, but a portion of respondents also reported that more than one
incident had occurred. Further, most women chose not to report an incident to
either their schools or their training sites, indicating they stayed silent due
to fears of professional ramifications or due to feeling alone in the
experience. Similarly, my own inaction was driven by these factors. Being well
aware of the supervisor’s financial position and well-established professional
identity I was certainly apprehensive to take action beyond not returning to
the site. Further, having made few connections with others who shared such an
experience exacerbated the ongoing embarrassment I would feel, leading me to
continue to divert disclosure. Somehow, as much as I try to rationalize the
thought, it remains difficult to escape fear that sharing this experience will
somehow reflect poorly on me, rather than the aggressor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Not
only did Dr. Asay, Wilson, and Clarke’s study reveal alarming information
regarding sexual harassment and sexism in psychology training, much of which I find
mirrors my own experience,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <u>the study is one of the first to explore
these trends</u></i></b>. As such, a disheartening reality is reflected in the
paucity of research on harmful supervision during psychology training, notably
that which includes sexism and sexual harassment. This is, perhaps, reflected
in the need for training programs to improve their ability to address and
resolve such incidents. As Dr. Asay indicated during our discussion, we must do
better and train around harassment rather than collude with or support harmful
training environments. In the researchers’ study, almost half of the participants
indicated trainings or discussions about sexual harassment were not included in
either their programs or training sites. Clearly, it is imperative to continue
this conversation and proactively raise the issue in clinical training and
educational environments. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Many
of my clinical supervisors have unfailingly treated me as a professional and unique
individual who is valued and respected. With these supervisors, I have been
encouraged to take care of myself throughout the training process, and to at
times allow other roles take precedence, and never did I have to feel inferior
during teaching moments in which I had something to learn and they had
knowledge to share. Moving forward, I hope to be similarly impactful as an
effective mentor who values students in training. I am also driven to be an
advocate and ally for students when the time calls for it. While incidents of
harmful supervision may exist as an anomaly, they are not absent from the
field. I maintain optimism that the work of current and future researchers, the
voices of brave students, and the efforts of graduate program faculty will
enhance student preparedness and contribute to environments in which students
are empowered and discussion of this topic is the norm, rather than unsettling,
uncomfortable, or taboo. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ACLU.
(2019). Title IX and sexual violence in schools. ACLU. Retrieved from https://www.aclu
.org/title-ix-and-sexual-violence-schools<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Baker
Donelson. (2019). Medical residents and Title IX-What teaching hospitals need
to know. Baker Donelson. Retrieved from https://www.bakerdonelson.com/medical-residents-and-title-ix-what-teaching-hospitals-need-to-know<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chu
S. C. & Lewis I. M. (2019). What happens next with Title IX: DeVos’s
proposed rule, explained. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Harvard
Crimson</i>. Retrieved from https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019 /2/27/title-ix-explainer/<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">EEOC.
(2019). Facts about sexual harassment. U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission. Retrieved from https://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/publications/fs-sex.cfm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ellis,
M. V., Berger, L., Hanus, A. E., Ayala, E. E., Swords, B. A., & Siembor, M.
(2014). Inadequate and harmful clinical supervision: Testing a revised
framework and assessing occurrence. <i>The Counseling Psychologist</i>, <i>42</i>(4),
434-472.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Everding
M., Grinvalds J.,Larkins, Larsen B., & Rembert, E. (2019). ‘They’re just
trying to keep us quiet:’ A Title IX investigation. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Daily Nebraskan</i>. Retrieved from http://www.dailynebraskan.com/news/they-re-just-trying-to-keep-us-quiet-a-title/article_c82e919a-5f2e-11e9-b670-0fb44044da50.html<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NCAA.
(2019). Title IX frequently asked questions. NCAA. Retrieved from http://www.ncaa.org/
about/resources/inclusion/title-ix-frequently-asked-questions#title<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />Kanthi Rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14711280804294422491noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3179404565513100550.post-44885002029993546992019-04-26T16:58:00.000-04:002019-04-26T16:58:09.598-04:00The (In)visible Patriarchy//Urvi Paralkar, M.A.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjODSGkr5wQ2z72h1LGEirMFTIn70VDSKXReVGLrFa70gOS57LraHjgppqUuDlMd5ZNBRfDF9rSv7iofs-Bd6dbrfE0WQ4TuYl8AK4A_xQvUn63Y8xODgCCiQG_xR_n1STsE6l2bap64Rnl/s1600/Urvi+Paralkar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="480" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjODSGkr5wQ2z72h1LGEirMFTIn70VDSKXReVGLrFa70gOS57LraHjgppqUuDlMd5ZNBRfDF9rSv7iofs-Bd6dbrfE0WQ4TuYl8AK4A_xQvUn63Y8xODgCCiQG_xR_n1STsE6l2bap64Rnl/s320/Urvi+Paralkar.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Photo from</span></span></u><span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">: https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2019/january/why-does-the-patriarchy-persist---a-discussion.html</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif; text-align: center;">As
I try to navigate the demands of graduate school and the exhaustion it entails,
I </span><span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">find myself searching
for the “perfect recipe” that will help me attain the coveted “successful
graduate student” status. I have spent precious time ruminating over this,
trying to chase it. Is it excelling in classes? Is it being involved in half a
dozen research projects? Is it assuming leadership positions? Is it
contributing to community? Is it developing professional relationships with the
professors? For those in clinical and counseling programs such as myself, the
demands of graduate school extend beyond research, classes, and assistantships.
Successful clinical and counseling students also need to demonstrate continuous
progress and improvement in their clinical work. It seems a bit much, doesn’t
it? If we consider all the roles we are expected to excel in, it is not
surprising then to experience that our demands often exceed our resources. How
many of us can relate to feeling exhausted after just three weeks into the
semester? Many experience feeling stretched, fatigued, and burned out.
Self-care starts becoming a luxury. Mental health days begin to appear as a
privilege.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">It
is not an unfamiliar experience for graduate students, particularly female
identified </span><span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">graduate students, to feel like they are not meeting scholastic expectations. While, the
imposter syndrome is true, it is also true that women experience it far more
than men (Parkman, 2016). It is not a figment of our imagination as it is often
made to seem. After careful consideration, I found myself discovering that I
had a problem with chronic fatigue being termed as a “phase.” Well-meaning directors,
advisors, and supervisors will readily offer encouraging words about perceived
expectations and ways to go about managing them. Being productive, busy, tired,
and sleep deprived is normalized and in some cases glorified. It also doesn’t
help that within the academic community there are not many role models for a
convincing work life balance. Rarely though do we speak about what leads to the
development of these expectations that graduate students place upon themselves.
Is it just a personal attribute as it often made to seem?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">I
find it unconvincing that high need for achievement and high expectations of
self are</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">just personal
attributes. Sure, there might be some individual variation with respect to what
people feel driven to accomplish. However, it is bizarre to explain an
overwhelming majority of graduate student experience as a product of individual
difference factors. While there is nothing wrong with an adaptive achievement
need, believing in productivity, and a desire to be successful, there is
something grossly problematic about superimposing a certain criteria of
achievement on students. Individuals differ in their experiences in graduate
school. Minority stress affects students differently as well. However, I challenge
the explanation of this shared feeling of stress and fatigue in graduate school
as being due to individual personal attributes. I have heard of professors
blaming students for the stress they experience, minimizing the reality of the
situation and expecting the student to control factors beyond plausible control.
There is some recognition in the field that graduate education is difficult and
rigorous. However, I wonder how that view evolved. I wonder why a system that
affects the mental and physical health of students continues to function
without any accountability? The patriarchal and capitalistic nature of graduate
school is hopefully not unnoticed by individuals in the profession. I wonder
the reasons then as to why this system continues without any change? I wonder
how many programs actually focus on self-care and mental health of their
students? Professing values of self-care does very little when provisions to
incorporate those are never made. Similarly, espousing feminism does little
when institutions and systems perpetuate the very idea that feminists critique.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">As
I thought more deeply about this topic and shared my thoughts with colleagues
and</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">friends, the pervasive
patriarchal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>philosophy of graduate school
became more and more apparent to me. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Patriarchy
is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as “the control by
men, rather than women or both men and women, of most of
the power and authority in a society.” In higher
education, the manifestation of patriarchy is through domination and acceptance
of the ideas of success and excellence. </span>Thus, my dilemma about this
“perfect recipe” for a successful graduate student became clear to me. There
indeed is a “perfect recipe” and my opinion is that graduate school expectations
are rooted in this “perfect recipe.” Students are not imagining the demands,
rather there are certain explicit but more often implicit demands placed upon
students. When we deviate from these patriarchal expectations, there are
consequences. This issue is compounded for individuals of color, individuals
with disabilities, and other individuals with one or more intersecting
marginalized identities. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">Today,
we have more female identified individuals enter higher education than what was</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">true in the
past but there is also more stress that is experienced at the graduate school
level. When we think about graduate education from a cultural lens, we have acknowledged
the White privilege embedded in higher education in the U.S. We are also aware
of sexism at even the most premier pillars of higher education. However,
patriarchal pedagogy is a prevailing yet less acknowledged factor. Not to
mention the faulty notion held by many, there exists equality of sexes, hinders
a true acknowledgement of the deep entrenched patriarchy around us even in the
most basic professional conversations. Jeong (2001) in his article <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pedagogy of Patriarchy: A Window on American
21st Century Gifted Education, describes the differences between excellence
driven patriarchal philosophy and equality driven matriarchal philosophy. Jeong
is proposing a patriarchal pedagogy in gifted education because it matches the
U.S. society’s striving and acceptance of individualism and masculinism as
superior. We are caught up in a excellence driven system at graduate school
which helps explains the heap of expectations, tasks, and roles to be fulfilled
in order to be considered successful.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Baskerville, serif;">Higher
education is assumed to help us challenge and question biases, at least in the
field</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">of psychology.
Many of us chose to pursue higher education to make a substantial difference,
to give back to our communities, and to dismantle systems of power. Personally,
the realization that I am caught up in patriarchal system was shocking and
revolting. The idea that I might be consciously and unconsciously perpetuating
the system was even more disturbing. However, I believe that reflection of what
seems like an ironic situation is a starting point. An awareness of my roles and
expectations in higher education is the stepping stone toward modifying it. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">Written by Urvi
Paralkar, M.A.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">References<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">Jeong, T.
(2001). Pedagogy of Patriarchy: A Window on American 21st Century Gifted<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">Education. <i>Journal
of Secondary Gifted Education</i>, <i>12</i>(3), 160-162.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">Parkman, A.
(2016). The imposter phenomenon in higher education: Incidence and<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Baskerville",serif;">impact. <i>Journal
of Higher Education Theory and Practice</i>, <i>16</i>(1), 51.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />Kanthi Rajahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14711280804294422491noreply@blogger.com2