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Saturday, October 31, 2015

How Cookie Cutter Are You? The Stereotypical Woman // Lauren Jacobs

Photo from www.wordpress.com

“He who loses individuality, loses all” – Ghandi.

Being able to distinguish yourself from someone else is a quality that most pride themselves in, however, what if I told you that your individualism had already been determined before you could speak? Taken from you and reconstructed as pre-determined by society? You may understand where I am going with this and can blame what is known as ‘social norms’ or the rules of behavior that are considered acceptable for your lack of originality.

The moment a baby’s gender is found out, the stereotypes begin. While this holds true for both genders, they focus on baby girls is an ever growing one. The nursery is painted in light shades of purples and pinks while being filled with tender décor of butterflies, flowers, and princesses. There are teddy bears and dolls awaiting her company and even a frilly tutu in the closet for her first family event. The wall art includes ballerinas and hearts, depicting the hopes and dreams that every parent has for their little girl to dance to beat of her music.  However, most parents wouldn’t realize that they are setting up a scenario where their little girl’s music will play to the same tune as many others, as her room and their expectations of her femininity is teaching her how to become the stereotypical woman. 

By continuing these patterns where we fill little girl’s bookshelves with fairy tales of princes and lavish parties, we neglect to fill their minds with independence and self-worth. Parents allow their child to waterfall into society’s standards of how girls should wear dresses, cross their T’s and dot their I’s, and be the one’s to raise children.  Think of the age where little girls begin to play house. They quickly become aware that “mommy stays at home with the baby and cooks” while “daddy goes to work.” They dream of being teachers, nurses, and stay at home mothers. The thought of prince charming fills every girls head as they begin to plan their future wedding, first with Barbie’s and then eventually moving on to bigger things such as Pinterest.
What society has done is to allow for the gender identity known as ‘feminine’ to become an unrealistic goal for young girls. They strive to achieve something that does not accurately capture the way most females feel, behave, or define them.  Girls grow up believing that they need to get married, have children, know how to cook a five-course dinner, and have all the chores done with everyone in bed by 9 P.M. The pressure to perform builds with every passing month of a new Cosmopolitan and InStyle being published.

Hyper-femininity often occurs under the pressures of society, as individuals feel pressured to exaggerate the behaviors that are believed to be feminine. Women with this mentality fall under the false pretense that they exist to boost men’s egos with passivity, innocence, and flirtatious behavior that often lead to problematic events such as unhealthy relationships and unwanted sexual advances. Of course, there can always be extremes to any scenario, however even the miniscule incidents are parts of the obstacle course we continuously climb in order to better fit our pre-determined character.

This ‘thing’ we know as gender refers to society’s expectations about how we should think and act as girls, boys, men, and women. Our identity is how we express our gender roles, including appearance and behavior. It is known that these roles are being shaped as early as the ages of two or three. This process is shaped by the child’s parents, culture, religion, and is not limited to the outside world, which includes television, magazines, and other forms of social media. As these behaviors develop and children grow, they tend to continue to adopt behaviors and patterns that are rewarded by love, praise, and acceptance. They will stop or hide the behaviors that appear to be punished or shamed. This leads to the question, “Who are we really asking our children to be?”

Developmentally, all children will begin playing house between the ages of 3 and 5, as Erikson’s stage of Initiative verses Guilt explains their exploration and need to begin asserting control over their environment. Children are particularly sensitive to acceptance giving them a sense of purpose while disapproval will result in a sense of guilt. Consider this when thinking about how we tend to encourage girls to continue playing house while boys are discouraged and shamed. Instead, if we were to encourage both genders to interact in this way, it could later prevent women from feeling pigeon held into their role as a housewife and allow for men to accept their own domestication characteristics without it taking away from their masculinity. This action could affect the perpetuation of the stereotype.

With this, I challenge you to confront gender stereotypes that contribute to individuals feeling like less of who they are. Be the person who points out how television shows and movies have unrealistic goals and expectations for children. Teach little girls that it is acceptable to like playing in dirt and that she can grow up to be a police officer or join the ARMY. Don’t just talk the talk, walk it as well. Be a role model for what you believe in by supporting and educating yourself, so that as a society we can work towards the prevention of continual stereotype promotion.



Written by Lauren Jacobs

Check Your Privilege // Megan Zurasky

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/anthony-berteaux/jerry-seinfeld-politcally-correct-college-student_b_7540878.html

As my feminist counterparts, I’m sure some of you can identify with the anger I feel toward these statements:

 “Why are you being so sensitive?”

“Learn to take a joke”

“Calm down, I was only kidding”

More and more, I see comments, articles and media addressing the question of sensitivity in this country. Some believe our society has become hypersensitive to issues of oppression, saying that we, as a whole, become offended too easily and that we will never be able to make statements without upsetting a group of people. There have even been comedic shows such as South Park addressing this issue of political correctness and if we are taking it this concept too far.
 This summer Jerry Seinfeld, who is well known in the comedy world, stated that he would not perform at colleges because they are too politically correct now, or "PC". He said, in short, that he could not make jokes at a college without being called a sexist or racist. He went on further to say that the PC movement was ruining comedy. In a thoughtful article posted on Huffington Post, a college student responded to Seinfeld by saying, "Sexist humor and racist humor can no longer exist in comedy because these concepts are based on archaic ideals that have perpetrated injustice against minorities in the past."
Let me be clear, I am a huge supporter of edgy, satirical comedy. I love a good stand up bit as much as the next person. That being said, we can no longer use sexist and racist humor just for shock value, we have moved past that. Being offensive is no longer funny. We have to use comedy to address the truth that this country has more work to do in the area of oppression. Comedy could be used to show our citizens that this is an issue that needs to be addressed. It could be a huge help in making our society think and learn and grow. If we want to see true progress, we have to use comedy as a tool. We have to show our young people that this is a real issue that needs to be addressed.
            Our society has changed exponentially and in many ways over the past few decades. Whether it is scientifically, technologically or medically, we have grown and become more sophisticated in many aspects. We also achieve a higher level of education in general. I think on top of these accomplishments, it’s important to recognize that we have grown socially as well. We now recognize some of these issues to a degree that was unheard of decades back, when these jokes were considered funny. We know better than we did then, and because of this knowledge and experience, we are trying to do better.
When you Google search the term politically correct, one of the first images in the results says, “A term used for whiney, overly-sensitive pansies who need everything sugar-coated for them.” Another says, “Why be politically correct when you can be right?” These statements scream of the lack of education the public has on these topics. We have the ability to see how far our country has come; yet we cannot see how far we still have to go.

Too often I have had men or women make brash sexist comments to my loved ones or myself and when they are confronted, justify these actions with “I was just kidding.” I often see others get upset when I point out when something is sexist or offensive, and tell me I am too sensitive. Is this because they are embarrassed? Is it because they truly are joking? Does it matter? We have to move the way we speak and the way we joke forward.
        Saying that I am too sensitive is your justification for the bias you hold against me. I am personally offended that you are putting the blame on me for your bigotry. You are perpetuating the ideals those before us worked so hard to change. And although you may not be able to see it, we are far from done. Think of your mothers, your sisters, your aunts or your friends. Until you understand what disadvantages we as women still face everyday, do not tell us to take it easy.
            Do not tell me to lighten up. Do not give me a lesson on taking a joke. Do not tell me I am too sensitive. Marital rape was legal in 1992. Women did not have the right to vote less than one hundred years ago. Women still make 78 cents to the mans dollar. One in four women are still victims of sexual assault and are still questioned if they were asking for it. Every time you make a joke about my gender, you set back our cause. And that, I will always take very seriously.


Written by Megan Zurasky

Do Feminists Cry? // Anastasiya Tsoy



-       Anastasiya, you are The feminist, right?
-       Yes. I am.
-       I know you fight for women’s rights and want equality and equity, and want to be strong… I know… I know… emotionally and internally strong. I read it in your blog. (She smiled)
-       Yes.
-       But if you are strong… emotionally… do you cry? Do feminists cry?

The answer is Yes. They do. We do. I do.  

I, Feminist, cried Today. Some people might be very rude by saying, “You are a (Women in Psychology) representative and you have to proofread your emails. Who chose you (so sarcastic)?” or “Your grammar suck… and you are studying at Columbia?” or “You have to learn English first and then write.” I did not know what bullying, sounds too strong, let’s say – mockery is until this year… People are talking about tolerance and Syrian refugees, language barriers and borders complications but people do not think what they say to people – refugees. People who forced to leave their houses for better life are not people who leave their houses voluntary. They are two different layers of population!!! Some may be tolerant but some may be very rude and ignorant of other’s feelings. My question is how this other may teach, promote tolerance and talk or debate about this tolerance?

I, Feminist, cried Today because I thought that I can inspire and empower others and help them to pass this period of their lives when language, culture and fears are not barriers but, today, I realized that I am still this immigrant with fears, language barriers and have not being accepting syndrome. Every time when I hand my paper, submit any proposals or proofread an email, I have this feeling of not being accepted because of the language barrier and grammar mistakes. Some of you (who knows me) may say that language is not a major thing but it is still the major thing for others. What can we do? How can we stop it? Do we have to start from ourselves and stop others when they want to laugh at people who cannot express their feelings in English? Do we have to bring them to our foreign language company and show them how to be a minority in Russian, Chinese, Afghan or other community?

I, Feminist, cried Today… and I Stopped. One of my good friend, professor, told me once, “When people are going to upset you, open your resume, diary, pictures and look at them. You are beautiful, young, smart woman who WILL do great things. What about people? People sometimes are poor educated and they do not know in reality what immigration is.” I cried but I stopped because Feminists can cry but not too long. Why? Because they, we, I are fighters… no, no, I am not going to fight with this people. I will fight with the stigma and inability to understand how your shoes might be uncomfortable and how would you put yourself in ours and walk a mile.

I, Feminist, Smile now because the life is SO unpredictable and may give you people who can inspire you and may give you people who make you strong, force you to move on and show you that you are on the right track. And… yes… Feminists Cry. We are Strong but we are Humans. If you have people who put you down, remove this people from your surroundings. You do not need them… There will be jewels in your surroundings that will inspire, help and believe in you… so, my advice is replace others to jewels and you will shine because jewels produce jewels.


Written by an Immigrant with grammar mistakes, Feminist with full of inspiration, Student with ability to learn, Anastasiya Tsoy  

Feminist Characters to Watch Out For (that aren’t featured in Orange is the New Black) // Callie Barfield

*Spoilers*

We’ve been hearing a lot recently about some of the strong women portrayed in the media like the cast of Orange is the New Black, Olivia Pope, Black Widow, to name a few. Not that we’re tired of these tougher than tough ladies, but let’s talk about the great feminist role models in various forms of media that don’t get nearly as much attention, because that’s a shame.



Felicity Smoak is a name that you’ve probably never heard. Ms. Smoak is a character on the hit TV show Arrow, on the CW network. Felicity is a computer expert whom helps the superhero known as the Green Arrow fight crime in Star City. In too many TV shows, when there’s a woman “sidekick” character, she’s relegated to being the damsel in distress or love interest for the main character. However, in Arrow, Felicity Smoak is a character that defies odds. Raised by a single mother, who worked primarily as a cocktail waitress in Las Vegas, Felicity strived at a young age to do bigger, better things than her mother. After graduating from MIT, she works in the IT department at one of the country’s largest corporations. She rises through the ranks, based completely on her skill and motivation. In the most recent season, she has taken the CEO position at this company and succeeded, when many thought she would fail.


One of the breakout television hits of the year was Mr. Robot on USA Network. The show follows a hacktivist group known as “fsociety” as they attempt to take down the largest business conglomerate in the world. The favorite character for many viewers is Darlene. When we Darlene, she bursts into a scene with immeasurable confidence. She says what she wants, dresses how she wants, and her confidence is only matched by her intelligence. She has a “take me as I am” mentality that challenges the characters she interacts with. Darlene is unafraid to use sexuality to achieve her goals, and never is ashamed about it. Darlene’s magnetic, strong personality is even more impressive when you learn that she was raised in an abusive household with a brother who struggles with mental illness. After the death of her dad, Darlene watched as her domineering mother verbally and mentally abused her brother. As adults, she watched her brother’s mental illness spiral out of control, all the while staying motivated and strong. Darlene is her brother’s “rock” and becomes a pivotal person in his life. Showing that women can be kind, caring, and strong, while also being confident, unique, and often brash, Darlene challenges conventional thinking on what a feminist looks like.


Television is definitely not the only place showcasing strong women. Comic books and graphic novels are now a great medium to find these characters. While comics have been historically known for their sexist, and oftentimes demeaning and hypersexual, portrayal of women, in recent years there has been a rising trend of women that break those rules. 2015 saw the launch of arguably the most feminist comic book of all time, Bitch Planet. This story takes place in a future run by the extreme and literal patriarchy known as The Fathers. When women are deemed “non-compliant,” they are shipped into space to a prison commonly known as Bitch Planet. Much like Orange is the New Black, this book has an incredible cast of women. However, the standout in the early issues is Penny Rolle. Judged by her appearance, as a proud fat, black woman, she is viewed by society as angry and violent. Every time she tries to comply with the rules, the unapologetic racism and body shaming she faces forces Penny into bad situations, eventually sending her to Bitch Planet. While there, the authorities try to “rehabilitate” her by telling her that she can’t possibly be happy the way she is currently. Penny is put in front of a monitor that is going to read her brainwaves and show her the person she wishes she could be. When she looks into the monitor, she doesn’t see what society views as the idealistic woman, Penny sees herself. She exemplifies feminist ideals about the female body.



Released amidst the chaos that is Summer Movie Season, an independent film called Infinitely Polar Bear features one of the strongest woman characters of the year. Taking place in the 1970s, Maggie is a woman with two kids and a loving husband. Unfortunately, Maggie’s husband struggles to cope with his bipolar disorder. The pressures of raising two children, working a full time job that barely pays the bills, and trying to help her husband has pushed her to the edge. She knows the only way to help her children, and possibly salvage her marriage, is to go to school and get her MBA. Not only is Maggie facing challenges of being an independent woman in the 70s, where many people didn’t understand why the wife was going to school to become the breadwinner and the husband was home watching the kids, but she also is a person of color during a time when overt racism was common. Overcoming those odds, she gets her MBA and a great career. Maggie is a strong role model to her children and an inspiring figure to viewers.

Movies, television, and even comic books are media that are showcasing feminist characters with great success. Gone are the days of women only being the damsel in distress, the diminutive housewife, or the overly sexual eye-candy. More and more complex female characters are popping up that challenge a viewer’s preconceived notions, and it’s not just in Orange is the New Black.

Written By: Callie Barfield


Image References:













Saturday, October 24, 2015

Is the “Ugly Selfie” Redefining Beauty Ideals? // Eliza Wierzbinska, M.A.

In this digital age technology has dramatically altered the definition of beauty. Photoshop has unleashed a constant pressure on girls and women to live up to a beauty ideal that is untrue, unrealistic, and unattainable. While most girls recognize that the images they see are doctored, they nevertheless continue to live up to these societal standards. Girls as young as ten are displeased with their body image: over 80 percent of ten-year old girls are afraid of being fat; by middle school, 40-70 percent of girls are dissatisfied with two or more parts of their body; and body satisfaction hits rock bottom between the ages of 12 and 15. Yet adolescents are not passive audiences that lack critical and analytical skills necessary to resist media manipulation. Youth bring considerable expertise to their use of mass media products. This makes me wonder if young girls are creating online communities that galvanize other young girls to post unphotoshopped images of themselves to challenge beauty ideals? Or, are young girls using the Internet to support one another in altering their images to reflect societal ideal beauty standards?
I started to investigate this question by taking a look at the “selfie” on Instagram. Taking and posting a ‘selfie’ is a growing trend. According to psychologists, this phenomenon is tied to our innate need to connect with other and receive validation. A recent survey conducted by the Pew Internet & American Life Project found that “54 percent of adult Internet users post original photos or videos online that they have themselves created,” with the majority being of themselves. While there is no statistical data for younger users (who are overwhelmingly female) yet, it can be extrapolated to be higher than this given their more active involvement with social media. After usage increased by an extraordinary 17,000 percent between 2012 and 2013, selfie became the Oxford Dictionary’s “Word of the Year 2013.” While there are many benefits of sharing a selfie for adolescent girls, such as facilitating self-exploration, there is the downside of mounting pressure to look good and always be camera ready. This age cohort, for whom social media is influential in molding a sense of self and shaping behavior, are at particular risk. Young girls want to have a presence online but they are also afraid of being judged.
The paradox of young girls wanting to be seen online but also being afraid of being judged for their appearance as led to numerous companies capitalizing on reinforcing social stereotypes of beauty ideals. There has been an influx of “selfie-help” apps targeting young girls’ insecurities. Perfect365 is positioned as a “one-tap makeover.” It allows users to remove blemishes, smooth skin to appear wrinkle-free, apply makeup and style hair. The iTunes description states, “Perfect365 makes it outrageously easy to achieve the look you see on magazine covers and websites with your own photos.” Other similar apps include Facetune, iPerfect, Visage Lab and ModiFace. These apps are increasingly popular with teenage girls. John Herrman on BuzzFeed describes that these apps are going beyond repairing or enhancing photos to “fixing” the subjects: “It is somewhere between classic airbrushing and plastic surgery, except it is self-administered and nearly instant.” Take the photo below for example, using Facetune the girl has whiten her teeth, removed her acne, reduced her wrinkles, shrunk her nose and lightened her skin tone. The aggressive photo manipulation girls are using through apps such as Facetune seems to demonstrate that girls are aware of the unrealistic image put forth by the media and instead of refuting it they have used their media skills to find technologies to make themselves look like an unattainable beauty ideal version of themselves.



Other apps exist that focus on body weight in a selfie. With 92 percent of teenage girls wanting to change something about the way they look – and body weight ranking the highest – this is concerning. The Skinny Booth app has the tagline “Do you think your face looks fat? Make it skinny and thin.” The “after” photos are labeled as “realistic.” SkinneePix trims five to fifteen pounds of virtual fat for a slimmer look. The co-founders of Pretty Smart Woman, who created SkineePix, say it was originally designed to help overweight adults show a leaner version of themselves and has actually motivated people to lose weight: “It is a good reminder to get off the couch, turn the television off and go for a walk.” Teen girls may be using their media skills to conform to beauty ideals by finding and using apps, such as Factune and SkinnePix, to make themselves look like the unattainable version of themselves, just as they know teen models in magazines are manipulating the way they look by using Photoshoped to look more like beauty ideals. But is enabling such digital work the healthiest way to encourage positive body image? What if the improved images, after the selfie surgery, become the new expected norm for teen girls?
On the other hand is there a positive dimension to the selfie? By anyone having the power to participate in this act, there may be an opportunity to change the definition of “normal” and “beautiful” as conveyed by dominant media forces. Dr. Peggy Drexler argues that selfies can be empowering: “Girls creator Lena Dunham is a big fan of the selfie, both on social media and her show – which shares with a selfie confessional quality. On television, Dunham’s character often appears naked or in various states of undress; in real life, her Instagram selfies are not necessarily flattering by typical standards. They challenge the Hollywood ideal and that, too is a good thing – especially when size 0 celebrities dominate so much of the modern day visual barrage. The more we see a range of body types, the better.” In fact there is an “ugly selfie” movement emerging, where young girls post “unflattering” photos of themselves to subvert conventional beauty norms. This is the “uncomfortable double chin” said Ruby Karp, 13, in a New York Times article “With Some Selfies, the Uglier the Better”, whose selfie is below.


On Instagram, young girls use hash tags like #ugllieselfie to communicate through facial contortions that “you do not have to send a ‘pretty’ photo.” There is so much time spent in our culture, as with the aforementioned selfie-surgery apps, that the ugly selfie movement is trying promote that young girls do not have to be ashamed if they are not perfect and that they should be much more willing to embrace the ‘ugly’ or ironic. In the same article Harper Glantz, 15, said ‘We’ve created this culture where you’re constantly comparing yourself to other people, or images you see in the media or in the movies. I think that’s sort of where the pressure comes from, because you’re always having to measure up to something that is not of your own invention.” It is impactful and encouraging to see young girls creating and sharing images that are unedited on social media because they are “rebounding from perfection fatigue.”
Selfie surgery is translating into real world implications. A recent survey conducted by the American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery found a rapid rise in plastic surgery among people under the age of 30 years. In particular, it highlighted that “one in three facial plastic surgeons surveyed saw an increase in requests for procedures due to patients being more self-aware of looks in social media.” Are younger generations even more self-critical due to these selfie-help apps? Teens who are aware of the manipulation of photos in the media have used their media skills to seek out apps that allow them to use similar techniques to make themselves look like the unattainable version of themselves. They have not adjusted the beauty ideal but instead are using apps to adjust themselves to fit the beauty ideal.
On the other hand, teen girls have used technology via social media to post ugly selfies to communicate through facial contortions that they do not want to conform to cultural beauty standards. Girls are creating movements online through the hashtag #uglieselfie and through Tumblr blogs like “Pretty Girls Making Ugly Faces” to make the point that young girls do not need to send pretty photos, as such they are adjusting beauty ideals by not conforming to them and spreading the messages that it is time to stop trying to hide flaws because there is nothing to be ashamed of by not being perfect.



Young girls recognize the use of Photoshop in beauty ads and are using technologies on the internet and social media to both give in to societal pressures of expected beauty standards through the use of apps like Facetune and to also protest how advertising works by gravitating toward images that are authentic and real like through the ugly selfie movement. I hope more young girls will reclaim the public space of the Internet to adjust the existing beauty ideals by stripping the conventional approach to prettiness with the “ugly selfie” movement!



References
Bennett, J. (2014, Feburary 21st). With some selfies, the uglier the better. In The New York Times, Retrieved Oct 21st, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/fashion/selfies-the-uglier-the-better-technology.html
Drexler, P. (2013, Septemeber 16th). What your selfies say about you. In
Duggan, M. (2013, October 28th). Photo and Video Sharing Grow Online. In Pew Research Internet Project. Retrieved Oct 19th, from  http://www.pewinternet.org/2013/10/28/photo-and-video-sharing-grow-online/
Herrman, J. (2013, October 9th). The rise of selfie surgery. In BuzzFeed, Retrieved Oct 20th, 2014, from http://www.buzzfeed.com/jwherrman/the-rise-of-selfie-surgery
Levine, S. (2014, April 8th).  Powerful role models can change how we value girls. In the Daily Beast. Retrieved Oct. 19th 2014, from http://www.thedailybeast.com/witw/articles/2014/04/08/powerful-role-models-can-change-how-we-value-girls.html


Written by Eliza Wierzbinska, M.A.

The Number One Costume You’ll See this Halloween: Objectified Female // Meghann Soby

Image from:
** Look here to see more costumes that get progressively more “sexy.”


It’s that time of year again; as the leaves start changing color and there’s pumpkin spice everything, the feeling that Halloween is lurking just around the corner emerges as a reality. Halloween is a fun holiday for pretty much any age group. Kids can go trick or treating, and adults can dress up for a spooky night of themed treats. Halloween is an opportunity to be someone – or something--- you aren’t, just for one night. Or so it seems.
 For girls and women, however, Halloween may not be such a great treat. We are forced into a socially constructed box that involves the increasing sexualization of Halloween Costumes as we age. We may not even realize that this is happening, but society has developed the notion of an “ideal” woman. This woman is considered “sexy” or attractive only if she is scantily clad, or wearing form fitting “feminine” attire. The problem here is not only that not all women fit into this box, or even want to, but also that such ideals pose issues for the body image and self-esteem of young and adolescent girls, and pose larger issues for the female population as a whole.
            Women get bombarded with messages regarding their bodies each day by the media, their peers, and even their families.  The conscious and unconscious messages tell them how their bodies should look, and increasingly how they should see their own bodies. These messages usually emphasize the “thin ideal” and often-times place women in objectifying situations (think Victoria’s Secret), reducing them to mere objects to be “admired”.
            Young girls are extremely impressionable, taking in everything around them, and internalizing societal concepts. When the television shows they watch, the music they listen to, and the advertisements they see showcase these thin, photo-shopped women, they begin to believe that this is how they are supposed to look. Throughout history women have always been expected to look a certain way, however, the over-sexualization of women has increased over the years, and society takes every opportunity to place women in situations in which to scrutinize their bodies. Throw a holiday like Halloween into the mix, and instead of a bumblebee you have a bumble bee wearing hardly any clothing, and it just gets worse as a woman ages (see photo). In this photo, you can see that as the girl becomes a woman the sexualization of the bumble bee costume increases dramatically. This sexualization becomes internalized and is consistently present throughout the woman’s life, and further manifests itself in other choices of Halloween costume. Sexualized costumes emphasize how a woman should look and how she should view herself, undermine childhood innocence, and ultimately depict an exaggerated feminine ideal that women should strive to achieve.
Further, many costumes place women in objectifying situations. I’ve seen a few articles floating around about fun “couple costumes” and couldn’t help but notice that half the time the man was an actual human, and the woman was the object belonging to his character (for example Dr. Who and his Tardis, Birthday boy and Piñata, Most Interesting Man and Dos Equis bottle, Just to name a few) (See the Huffington Post Article below). These “fun” couple costumes ultimately perpetuate the notion that women are objects to be owned by men. In these situations, women are reduced to mere accessories, only existing to satisfy the male who owns them.  If this is what young girls are seeing, they are going to believe that this “sexy object” is what they should aspire to be. It makes me sick. I am unsettled by the fact that any female should feel that she must satisfy a male by looking and acting a certain way. This issue also perpetuates a heteronormative society, and in the end everyone pays the price. Men and women are expected to be “pairs,” women are expected to be owned by men, fitting a specific level of attractiveness, and men are expected to take ownership and be strong and unemotional.
Women already feel so much societal pressure each day to fit an ideal. Such pressure is damaging to female body image, especially for girls going through puberty, and sexualized Halloween costumes shouldn’t add to the problem. A great deal of research has shown that the exposure females have to hyper-sexualized, thin images (of any kind, not just through Halloween costumes), are indicative of increased body dissatisfaction, drive for thinness, disordered eating behaviors, and depression. Exposing females at young ages, and especially adolescence, to these hyper-sexualized images can cause many negative consequences regarding their body image and self-esteem. Additionally, as females are exposed to these images, and they become internalized, they become extremely dissatisfied if they cannot meet the proposed societal “ideal,” thus leading to these negative consequences.
 I worry so much for younger generations, as it seems that girls are being targeted at younger and younger ages to fit this “feminine sexy” mold. Many of the television shows they watch, the advertisements they see, and some of the role models they have through the media perpetuate this sexualized objectified ideal female. Halloween costume advertisements only add to the problem. A young girl dressing up as a pumpkin once meant a round pumpkin shaped object that the child popped over their head. Now this means a form fitting dress, tights, and an adult hairstyle.
It would be difficult to stop the media from portraying these ideals, but I hope that alternative platforms emerge that promote body positivity and gender non-conformity to teach younger generations that they do not need to fit this sexually-objectified-feminine mold. I also hope parents and mentors foster positive ideals in their young girls, and teach them that it is okay not to fit such a stereotype. This piece hasn’t even touched on the mold men are expected to fit into, and I fully acknowledge that they too face body image disturbances, but I wanted to focus on women because much of my undergraduate research has focused on women’s body image, and I have also felt the effects of the “thin-ideal” expectation.
Ultimately, Halloween should be fun, and should not contribute to the development of body image issues, or gender expectations in young females, or males for that matter. Women should not be developing body image disturbances, or self-esteem issues because society has told them to look and act a certain way; they should have the freedom to look and act how they please. If they want to be a sexy bumblebee, so be it, but only because they wish to do so, not because society has taught them they should.

Huffington Post Article:
Borenson, K. (2015). 20 couples Halloween costumes you won’t roll your eyes at. Huffington Post, Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/19-couples-halloween-costumes-you-wont-roll-your-eyes-at_5605980fe4b0af3706dc360e


Written by: Meghann Soby

The Gendered School to Prison Pipeline // Cecile A. Gadson, M.A.


          
Photo from: 


http://www.harrycutting.com/graphics/photos/children/young-black-girl-child-J246-26-595.jpg

            Growing up as a Black girl in a predominately White school district, I noticed subtle differences in my experiences compared to most of my peers but since I was one of the few students of color in most of my classes in primary school, I was often not able to validate my experiences with girls who looked like me. Although, not apparent when I was a little girl, I am to starting to see a clearer yet disturbing picture of Black girl’s academic experiences through news stories ranging from school policies banning ethic hair styles (e.g. Afro puffs) for little girls to Black girls facing disciplinary action at higher rates than other students. These stories have received greater attention in the media but in many cases, the well-being, experiences, and issues concerning Black girls are often invisible due to the focus on either race or gender for girls of color. The unique experiences of Black girls include a potential gendered school to prison pipeline including harsh punishment for minor offenses in school leading to harsh criminal punishment in the judicial system.
            According to a recent report from the African American Policy Forum (AAFP), Black girls are being disciplined at higher rates than their peers. In the AAFP report, Black girls were six times more likely to be disciplined than White girls when Black boys were only three times more likely than White boys to be disciplined. Previous reports suggest that when children face academic punishment such as suspension and detention, they return less engaged with their teachers and peers in the classroom. This disengagement could lead to decreased academic motivation and further behaviors that could lead to more disciplinary action.           
Disparities in behavioral punishment in school towards Black girls could be linked to disengagement in school, which could then push them to engage in minor crimes and ultimately, the juvenile justice system. A recent study by the Human Rights Project for Girls by Georgetown Law Center on Poverty and Inequality, reported that young girls are showing an increased presence in the juvenile justice system due to a sexual assault to prison pipeline. The report suggested that this pipeline is created because these young girls are being punitively punished for “non-serious” crimes in reaction to their elevated sexual trauma history. In this report, Black girls and other girls of color are overrepresented in the sexual assault to prison pipeline. Although this report highlights that Black girls are being impacted at higher rates than White girls in this pipeline, the report does not go into details about factors contributing to this gap. Perhaps Black girls being over punished in schools is leading some to the sexual assault to prison pipeline. The disparities in both the school and juvenile justice system suggest that Black girls are having unique experiences that are being shaped by the intersection of their race AND gender. Within the Human Rights Project for Girls report, Black girls’ experiences are only briefly mentioned and are not explored from an intersectional framework. As suggested by the lead author of the AAFP report, Kimberle Williams Crenshaw, this lack of recognition and further exploration of this crisis is leaving our Black girls neglected, invisible, over disciplined, and not supported.
            One of the greatest impacts of girls in the sexual assault to prison pipelines is psychological distress. In the Human Rights for Girls report, 80% of girls in the juvenile justice system met conditions for a mental health diagnosis. Most of these mental health concerns for girls in the justice system are connected to past trauma. In addition, mental health intervention programs that addressed treating their trauma significantly lowered the likelihood of these girls reoffending. Within the school system, Black girls are facing academic stereotypes, higher expectations, and higher incidences of their behavior being criminalized. These experiences in school could also impact the mental health and well-being of Black girls. The struggle of girls of color are being silenced by not addressing and recognizing that Black girls face both racial and gendered discrimination.
            In recognition of this crisis of young Black girls, it is important to use this information to provide targeted community and school interventions. These interventions should be grounded in the goals of understanding the challenges of Black girls and making them feel safe, supported, and included. This crisis is a call for feminist psychologists to support research, advocacy, and interventions designed to attend to the well-being of our Black girls. The unique experiences of Black girls are becoming more apparent and now more than ever, we cannot continue to ignore this crisis.
#Blackgirlsmatter

Written by: Cecile A. Gadson, M.A.

            

            

Friday, October 9, 2015

Making America Great Again: The Donald Trump Fallacy // Lauren Weisberg

Photo from http://www.scmp.com/news/world/article/1839273/trump-campaign-mistakenly-tweets-image-nazi-soldiers-helping-make-america

Welcome to New Hampshire.  Live Free or Die.  Now, you probably don’t know too much about the Granite State.  One of the things that makes it famous is that it is a major political stop on the campaign trail of almost every politician interested in a presidential run.  I have lived in New Hampshire for a couple years, and the upcoming presidential elections will be my first here.  Long-time residents enjoy the stream of politicians that flow through the state pre-primaries because it gives them the opportunity to hear the politicians’ views and plans first-hand, which is an opportunity that I, too, am now taking advantage of.  So when my cousin asked me if I wanted to go see Donald Trump, I said yes. 

Mr. Trump’s campaign slogan is “Make America Great Again”, which as far as slogans go, is pretty catchy.  However, the America that Trump is striving to recreate is 1950s America (explicitly stated at the event).  For someone of Mr. Trump’s status and privilege, returning to the 1950s would be fantastic.  White, ultra-wealthy, and heterosexual.  What a time for the privileged!  But what about the rest of America, Mr. Trump?  What about the Black people in our country who were suffering with segregation and fighting, sometimes with their lives, for their rights? Who were experiencing violence and massive racism everyday just because of the color of their skin and the history of our nation?  I am not sure they want the 1950s back.  Not to mention all of the racial and ethnic minorities who were treated in a reprehensible fashion in the 1950s United States. What about women?  I know that you claim to “cherish” and “respect” us, Mr. Trump, but if you want to return to the 1950s, these claims are a lie.  In the 1950s, women were not safe, in the home or in public because rape and sexual assault were prosecuted even less than they are now.  Women faced sexual harassment and virtually impenetrable glass ceilings in the workplace.  The LGBTQQ+ community did not exist.  If you told people you identified with any of these groups, you would have been targeted, often violently, and faced a life riddled with personal and professional barriers.  So when you say that you are going to “Make America Great Again”, Mr. Trump, I have some concerns.

Now, I am not particularly politically savvy.  I have strong political views, particularly around gender, racial, and all types of equality, as well as social reform.  But I am in the field of psychology. The way I understand politics is a reflection of my interest in human behavior and interaction.  Many people think that Mr. Trump is an idiot.  Let me assure you, he is not.  He, and perhaps his political team, have created a persona that allows him to say what everybody wishes they could believe.  He approaches politics with the gumption of a jingoist teen.  Why should the Syrian refugee crisis be our problem? Let’s just get rid of them!  Deport, deport, deport!  Abraham Lincoln said, “Whenever I hear anyone arguing for slavery, I feel a strong impulse to see it tried on him personally.”  What would you want America to do, Mr. Trump, if you were a Syrian refugee?  Send you back to the hellish reality you came from?  If you were a racial minority in the United States, would you want the injustice ignored?  If you were a young woman on a college campus facing abysmal sexual assault statistics, would you be okay risking your safety if you went out at night?  Mr. Trump is ignorant of the responsibilities that we hold as human beings to care for other human beings.  It is a heavy responsibility to bear.  It is our duty to carry it, but Mr. Trump offers an alluring fantasy.  Drop the responsibility.  You do not have to take care of other people, take care of yourself!  Unfortunately, throughout history, this tactic has failed.  What often happens is we wait too long to step into an unjust situation, and are left playing catch-up and doing damage control. We should be trying to prevent a bad situation in the first place through level-headed negotiation and policy.  So the America that Mr. Trump offers, one without responsibility for others, is truly just a fantasy. 

When Mr. Trump says, “Make America Great Again”, he is talking about the propagandized, white-washed version of the 1950s that depicts American life as carefree and unfettered by the worries of the world.  What Mr. Trump is not telling the American people is that the version of America he is selling never existed.  There is no great America to return to, and we need a president who will strive to make America great for all of the people that live here, and all of the people that want to despite our flaws.  The United States has always had potential, but we need a president who is ready to move forward, instead of one that is stuck in the past. 

Written by Lauren Weisberg